BIO 132 Exam III Questions and Answers||A+ Solution guide (Verified) New Update

BIO 132 Exam III Questions and Answers||A+ Solution guide (Verified) New Update What is the primary function of the immune system? - Answer- To defend the body from agents and disease. What is the lymphatic system? - Answer- A network of organs and vein-like vessels that recover fluid, inspect for disease agents, activate immune responses, and return fluid to the bloodstream. Name the eleven lymph trunks. - Answer- Jugular, Subclavian, Bronchomediastinal, Intercostal, Intestinal, Lumbar. What are neutrophils? - Answer- Antibacterial cells that are part of the immune response. What are natural killer (NK) cells? - Answer- Large lymphocytes that attack and destroy bacteria, transplanted tissue, and host cells infected with viruses or that have turned cancerous. Where do T lymphocytes (T cells) mature? - Answer- In the thymus. What do B lymphocytes (B cells) differentiate into upon activation? - Answer- Plasma cells that produce antibodies. What are macrophages? - Answer- Large, phagocytic cells that process foreign matter and display antigenic fragments to T cells. What are dendritic cells? - Answer- Mobile antigen presenting cells found in the epidermis, mucous membranes, and lymphatic organs. What are reticular cells? - Answer- Stationary cells that contribute to the stroma of a lymphatic organ. What are the primary lymphatic organs? - Answer- Red bone marrow and thymus. What are secondary lymphatic organs? - Answer- Lymph nodes, tonsils, and spleen. What is lymphadenitis? - Answer- Swollen painful lymph nodes responding to foreign antigens. What is lymphadenopathy? - Answer- A collective term for all lymph node diseases. What is metastasis? - Answer- The process by which cancerous cells break free from the original tumor and establish new tumors in other sites. What is the function of tonsils? - Answer- To guard against ingested or inhaled pathogens. What are the three main sets of tonsils? - Answer- Palatine tonsils, Lingual tonsils, Pharyngeal tonsil (adenoids). What is the spleen's role in the body? - Answer- It monitors blood for foreign antigens and stabilizes blood volume through plasma transfers to the lymphatic system. What are the three lines of defense against pathogens? - Answer- First line: Skin and mucous membranes; Second line: Innate defense mechanisms; Third line: Adaptive immunity. What is innate immunity? - Answer- The body's immediate defense against a broad range of pathogens without memory. What are the protective proteins in innate immunity? - Answer- Dermicidin, defensins, and cathelicidins. What is adaptive immunity? - Answer- The body's ability to develop specific immunity to each pathogen and retain memory of it. What are phagocytes? - Answer- Cells that engulf foreign matter. What are the five types of leukocytes? - Answer- Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Monocytes, Lymphocytes. What do basophils secrete? - Answer- Chemicals that aid the mobility and action of other leukocytes, including histamine and heparin. What is the macrophage system? - Answer- All the body's avidly phagocytic cells, except leukocytes. What are the two families of antimicrobial proteins? - Answer- Interferons and other proteins that inhibit microbial reproduction. What is the role of the complement system in immunity? - Answer- It contributes to both innate and adaptive immunity through pathogen destruction. Name the four methods of pathogen destruction via activated complement. - Answer- Inflammation, immune clearance, phagocytosis, and cytolysis. What are the three routes of complement activation? - Answer- Classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway. What is the function of NK cells? - Answer- They patrol the body for pathogens and diseased cells, secreting enzymes to destroy them. What happens during the action of a natural killer (NK) cell? - Answer- NK cells release perforins to create holes in enemy cell membranes, allowing granzymes to enter and induce apoptosis. Define fever in the context of the immune response. - Answer- An abnormal elevation of body temperature that serves as an adaptive defense mechanism. What are antipyretics? - Answer- Medications that reduce fever, such as aspirin and ibuprofen. What is Reye syndrome? - Answer- A serious disorder in children following viral infections, potentially triggered by aspirin use. What are the three general purposes of inflammation? - Answer- Limit pathogen spread, remove debris, and initiate tissue repair. List the four cardinal signs of inflammation. - Answer- Redness, swelling (edema), heat, and pain. What is the priority of inflammation? - Answer- To prevent pathogens from spreading throughout the body. What is chemotaxis in the context of inflammation? - Answer- The attraction of neutrophils to the injury site by chemicals like bradykinin. What is the role of macrophages in tissue cleanup? - Answer- They are the primary agents of tissue cleanup and repair. What is pus? - Answer- A yellow accumulation of dead neutrophils, bacteria, and cellular debris. Define adaptive immunity. - Answer- A specific immune response characterized by systemic effects, specificity, and memory. What are the two forms of adaptive immunity? - Answer- Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity and humoral (antibody-mediated) immunity. What is natural active immunity? - Answer- The production of one's own antibodies or T-cells due to natural exposure to an antigen.