CST 245 CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Volcanism.
Answer: Various processes and phenomena associated with the surficial
discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam,
including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.Volcanic activity frequently
occurs at the boundaries of the Earth's tectonic plates which are a series of
large blocks moving between each other. The movement of these plates
plays a significant role in the type of volcano formed, which influences its
shape.Spreding plate marginsWhere plates move away from each other at
spreading or divergent plate margins, volcanic eruptions are gentle
extrusions of basaltic lava. Most of these occur underwater where magma
rises from great depth below to fill the space created by seafloor spreading
which occurs at a rate of about 10 centimetres a year.Subducting plate
marginsAt subducting plate margins, one plate is pushed under a
neighbouring plate as they squeeze together. In addition to the old,
weathered plate being forced down and melted, wet sediment and seawater
is forced down creating andesitic lava and more violent eruptions containing
ash. These volcanoes form classic cone shapes.Some volcanoes are found at
great distances from plate boundaries and are referred to as intraplate, within
plate or hot spot volcanoes. These form above hot mantle upwellings or
plumes which rise from great depths. As the plate overlying the plume
moves away from the hot spot and a new volcano is formed, the previous
one cools to become dormant and eventually extinct. This sequence forms a
volcanic chain such as that currently found in the Hawaiian Islands. Hotspot
volcanism forms very large, low gradient shield volcanoes and are similar in
composition and eruption style to those found at divergent plate boundaries.
◍ 2. Novice reader.
, Answer: In this stage, the child is learning the relationships between letters
and sounds and between printed and spoken words. The child starts to read
simple text containing high frequency words and phonically regular words,
and uses emerging skills and insights to "sound out" new one-syllable
words. There is direct instruction in letter-sound relations (phonics). The
child is being read to on a level above what a child can read independently
to develop more advanced language patterns, vocabulary and concepts. In
late Stage 2, most children can understand up to 4000 or more words when
heard but can read about 600.
◍ 1984 by George Orwell (1949).
Answer: The year 1984 has come and gone, but George Orwell's prophetic,
nightmarish vision in 1949 of the world we were becoming is timelier than
ever. 1984 is still the great modern classic of "negative utopia" -a startlingly
original and haunting novel that creates an imaginary world that is
completely convincing, from the first sentence to the last four words. No
one can deny the novel's hold on the imaginations of whole generations, or
the power of its admonitions -a power that seems to grow, not lessen, with
the passage of time.
◍ 3. One-Word Stage.
Answer: Around 1 yr, children begin to produce word-like units. Known as
idiomorphs (invented word). Use a stable language unit to communicate
meaning.
◍ Pantomime.
Answer: A pantomime (often shortened to Panto) is a musical-comedy
family-orientated theatrical production traditionally performed in United
Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Zimbabwe, Jamaica, South
Africa, India, Ireland, Gibraltar, and Malta, at Christmas-time. The panto
often features slapstick or messy comedy routines, children dancing, recent
songs, spectacular sets and colorful costumes, and is often themed around a
fairy story or nursery rhymes.Popular pantos include Cinderella, Aladdin,
Jack and the Beanstalk, Mother Goose, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White and
, the Seven Dwarfs, Dick Whittington and His Cat, Puss in Boots etc.
◍ 1. Word awareness.
Answer: Tracking the words in sentences. Knowledge that words have
meaning. (less important to teach directly)Strategy: read-aloud, alphabet
chants, high-frequency word books
◍ Motivate students to engage in independent literacy practice.
Answer: Five motivations:1. Interest2. Ownership3. Self-efficacy4. Social
interaction5. MasteryStrategies to foster independent reading:- help students
find books they enjoy- make sure the book is not too difficult- encourage
children to explore a variety of types of text- making connections to
students' lives-creating a safe and responsive classroom- have students
interact with text and with each other about text (jigsaw or fishbowl)- using
technology to support communication, presentation, and research
◍ Features of Informative/Explanatory Text.
Answer: Structure: clear opening, general information, summarizing
conclusion, interesting easy to read layoutFeatures: present tense, first or
third person, connectives to make it clear and coherent, mostly facts,
rhetorical questions to engage reader, specific examples, and bullet point
summaries
◍ KWL Chart.
Answer: Graphic organizer designed to help in learning. The letters KWL
are an acronym, for what students, in the course of a lesson, already know,
want to know, and ultimately learn.
◍ 3. Eclipses.
Answer: An eclipse occurs at those times when the Moon moves into a
position of direct alignment with the Sun and the Earth. There are two basic
types of eclipses - lunar and solar. Total lunar eclipse: when the full Moon
passes through the shadow of the Earth. In this case, the Sun and the Moon
are on opposite sides of the Earth. If you observe a lunar eclipse (visible
only at night at the time of certain full Moons), you'll see the bright lunar
disk turn dark -- sometimes a coppery red color -- for as long as an hour or
, more.Total solar eclipse: which occurs when the new Moon passes directly
between the Sun and the Earth.In the narrow path of totality swept across
the Earth by the Moon's complete shadow (the umbra), daytime briefly turns
to an eerie darkness, and during these few precious minutes the wispy halo
of the Sun - the corona -comes into view as the dark disk of the Moon
totally obscures the bright Sun. Outside the path of totality, in the Moon's
partial shadow (the penumbra), some portion of the Sun's bright disk
remains visible.
◍ 5. Consonants Represent Words.
Answer: Students begin to leave spaces between their words and may often
mix upper- and lowercase letters in their writing. They begin using
punctuation and usually write sentences that tell ideas.
◍ 1. Emerging pre-reader.
Answer: The emergent pre-reader sits on 'beloved laps,' samples and learns
from a full range of multiple sounds, words, concepts, images, stories,
exposure to print, literacy materials, and just plain talk during the first five
years of life. The major insight in this period is that reading never just
happens to anyone. Emerging reading arises out of years of perceptions,
increasing conceptual and social development, and cumulative exposures to
oral and written language.By the end of this stage, the child "pretends" to
read, can - over time - retell a story when looking at pages of book
previously read to him/her, can names letters of alphabet; can recognise
some signs; can prints own name; and plays with books, pencils and paper.
The child acquires skills by being read to by an adult (or older child) who
responds to the child's questions and who warmly appreciates the child's
interest in books and reading. The child understand thousands of words they
hear by age 6 but can read few if any of them.
◍ Factors that affect language and literacy development.
Answer: Physical and clinical factors: cognitive deficiencies, hearing
problems, early language impairment, ADD/ADHD, vision problemsFamily
factors: history of reading difficulties, home literacy environment,
QUESTIONS WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ Volcanism.
Answer: Various processes and phenomena associated with the surficial
discharge of molten rock, pyroclastic fragments, or hot water and steam,
including volcanoes, geysers, and fumaroles.Volcanic activity frequently
occurs at the boundaries of the Earth's tectonic plates which are a series of
large blocks moving between each other. The movement of these plates
plays a significant role in the type of volcano formed, which influences its
shape.Spreding plate marginsWhere plates move away from each other at
spreading or divergent plate margins, volcanic eruptions are gentle
extrusions of basaltic lava. Most of these occur underwater where magma
rises from great depth below to fill the space created by seafloor spreading
which occurs at a rate of about 10 centimetres a year.Subducting plate
marginsAt subducting plate margins, one plate is pushed under a
neighbouring plate as they squeeze together. In addition to the old,
weathered plate being forced down and melted, wet sediment and seawater
is forced down creating andesitic lava and more violent eruptions containing
ash. These volcanoes form classic cone shapes.Some volcanoes are found at
great distances from plate boundaries and are referred to as intraplate, within
plate or hot spot volcanoes. These form above hot mantle upwellings or
plumes which rise from great depths. As the plate overlying the plume
moves away from the hot spot and a new volcano is formed, the previous
one cools to become dormant and eventually extinct. This sequence forms a
volcanic chain such as that currently found in the Hawaiian Islands. Hotspot
volcanism forms very large, low gradient shield volcanoes and are similar in
composition and eruption style to those found at divergent plate boundaries.
◍ 2. Novice reader.
, Answer: In this stage, the child is learning the relationships between letters
and sounds and between printed and spoken words. The child starts to read
simple text containing high frequency words and phonically regular words,
and uses emerging skills and insights to "sound out" new one-syllable
words. There is direct instruction in letter-sound relations (phonics). The
child is being read to on a level above what a child can read independently
to develop more advanced language patterns, vocabulary and concepts. In
late Stage 2, most children can understand up to 4000 or more words when
heard but can read about 600.
◍ 1984 by George Orwell (1949).
Answer: The year 1984 has come and gone, but George Orwell's prophetic,
nightmarish vision in 1949 of the world we were becoming is timelier than
ever. 1984 is still the great modern classic of "negative utopia" -a startlingly
original and haunting novel that creates an imaginary world that is
completely convincing, from the first sentence to the last four words. No
one can deny the novel's hold on the imaginations of whole generations, or
the power of its admonitions -a power that seems to grow, not lessen, with
the passage of time.
◍ 3. One-Word Stage.
Answer: Around 1 yr, children begin to produce word-like units. Known as
idiomorphs (invented word). Use a stable language unit to communicate
meaning.
◍ Pantomime.
Answer: A pantomime (often shortened to Panto) is a musical-comedy
family-orientated theatrical production traditionally performed in United
Kingdom, Australia, New Zealand, Canada, Zimbabwe, Jamaica, South
Africa, India, Ireland, Gibraltar, and Malta, at Christmas-time. The panto
often features slapstick or messy comedy routines, children dancing, recent
songs, spectacular sets and colorful costumes, and is often themed around a
fairy story or nursery rhymes.Popular pantos include Cinderella, Aladdin,
Jack and the Beanstalk, Mother Goose, Sleeping Beauty, Snow White and
, the Seven Dwarfs, Dick Whittington and His Cat, Puss in Boots etc.
◍ 1. Word awareness.
Answer: Tracking the words in sentences. Knowledge that words have
meaning. (less important to teach directly)Strategy: read-aloud, alphabet
chants, high-frequency word books
◍ Motivate students to engage in independent literacy practice.
Answer: Five motivations:1. Interest2. Ownership3. Self-efficacy4. Social
interaction5. MasteryStrategies to foster independent reading:- help students
find books they enjoy- make sure the book is not too difficult- encourage
children to explore a variety of types of text- making connections to
students' lives-creating a safe and responsive classroom- have students
interact with text and with each other about text (jigsaw or fishbowl)- using
technology to support communication, presentation, and research
◍ Features of Informative/Explanatory Text.
Answer: Structure: clear opening, general information, summarizing
conclusion, interesting easy to read layoutFeatures: present tense, first or
third person, connectives to make it clear and coherent, mostly facts,
rhetorical questions to engage reader, specific examples, and bullet point
summaries
◍ KWL Chart.
Answer: Graphic organizer designed to help in learning. The letters KWL
are an acronym, for what students, in the course of a lesson, already know,
want to know, and ultimately learn.
◍ 3. Eclipses.
Answer: An eclipse occurs at those times when the Moon moves into a
position of direct alignment with the Sun and the Earth. There are two basic
types of eclipses - lunar and solar. Total lunar eclipse: when the full Moon
passes through the shadow of the Earth. In this case, the Sun and the Moon
are on opposite sides of the Earth. If you observe a lunar eclipse (visible
only at night at the time of certain full Moons), you'll see the bright lunar
disk turn dark -- sometimes a coppery red color -- for as long as an hour or
, more.Total solar eclipse: which occurs when the new Moon passes directly
between the Sun and the Earth.In the narrow path of totality swept across
the Earth by the Moon's complete shadow (the umbra), daytime briefly turns
to an eerie darkness, and during these few precious minutes the wispy halo
of the Sun - the corona -comes into view as the dark disk of the Moon
totally obscures the bright Sun. Outside the path of totality, in the Moon's
partial shadow (the penumbra), some portion of the Sun's bright disk
remains visible.
◍ 5. Consonants Represent Words.
Answer: Students begin to leave spaces between their words and may often
mix upper- and lowercase letters in their writing. They begin using
punctuation and usually write sentences that tell ideas.
◍ 1. Emerging pre-reader.
Answer: The emergent pre-reader sits on 'beloved laps,' samples and learns
from a full range of multiple sounds, words, concepts, images, stories,
exposure to print, literacy materials, and just plain talk during the first five
years of life. The major insight in this period is that reading never just
happens to anyone. Emerging reading arises out of years of perceptions,
increasing conceptual and social development, and cumulative exposures to
oral and written language.By the end of this stage, the child "pretends" to
read, can - over time - retell a story when looking at pages of book
previously read to him/her, can names letters of alphabet; can recognise
some signs; can prints own name; and plays with books, pencils and paper.
The child acquires skills by being read to by an adult (or older child) who
responds to the child's questions and who warmly appreciates the child's
interest in books and reading. The child understand thousands of words they
hear by age 6 but can read few if any of them.
◍ Factors that affect language and literacy development.
Answer: Physical and clinical factors: cognitive deficiencies, hearing
problems, early language impairment, ADD/ADHD, vision problemsFamily
factors: history of reading difficulties, home literacy environment,
