A LEVEL CHEMISTRY B (SALTERS):
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What is the peak called on mass spec?.
Answer: Molecular ion
◍ How do you calculate relative atomic mass?.
Answer: (mass no x abundance%) + (mass no x abundance%) / 100
◍ What is nuclear fusion?.
Answer: When 2 light atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus
of a new element.
◍ What did John Dalton discover?.
Answer: Found atoms are solid spheres made of tiny particles.
◍ What did
J. J Thompson discover?.
Answer: The plum pudding model: ball of positive charge with -ve electrons
embedded.
◍ What did Ernest Rutherford discover?.
Answer: Gold foil experiment: found positive nucleus with electrons in a
'cloud'.
◍ What did James Chadwick discover?.
Answer: He discovered the neutron.
◍ What did Neils Bohr discover?.
Answer: Discovered electrons are arranged according to energy levels
, ◍ How many electrons can shells 1-4 hold?.
Answer: 2.8.18.32
◍ How many electrons are in a s sub-shell?.
Answer: 2
◍ How many electrons are in a p sub-shell?.
Answer: 6
◍ How many electrons are in a d sub-shell.
Answer: 10
◍ How many electrons are in a f sub-shell.
Answer: 14
◍ How many electrons can each orbital hold?.
Answer: 2 electrons
◍ What is an orbital?.
Answer: a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding
electrons.
◍ Why is large amounts of energy required for nuclear fusion?.
Answer: To overcome the repulsion of the two nuclei.
◍ What is relative atomic mass?.
Answer: The total average mass of one atom of an element relative to
carbon-12.W
◍ What is a dative covalent bond?.
Answer: A covalent bond in which both of the electrons come from the same
atom.
◍ What is the script for shapes of molecules questions?.
Answer: -x set of electrons repel each other as far apart as possible around
the central (element) atom.-Name shape and bond angle.
◍ What does a lone pair do to the bond angle of an atom and why?.
Answer: They repel the bonding set by another 2° as the lone pair is closer
FUNDAMENTALS OF CHEMISTRY
CERTIFICATION SCRIPT 2026 QUESTIONS
WITH SOLUTIONS GRADED A+
◍ What is the peak called on mass spec?.
Answer: Molecular ion
◍ How do you calculate relative atomic mass?.
Answer: (mass no x abundance%) + (mass no x abundance%) / 100
◍ What is nuclear fusion?.
Answer: When 2 light atomic nuclei fuse together to form a heavier nucleus
of a new element.
◍ What did John Dalton discover?.
Answer: Found atoms are solid spheres made of tiny particles.
◍ What did
J. J Thompson discover?.
Answer: The plum pudding model: ball of positive charge with -ve electrons
embedded.
◍ What did Ernest Rutherford discover?.
Answer: Gold foil experiment: found positive nucleus with electrons in a
'cloud'.
◍ What did James Chadwick discover?.
Answer: He discovered the neutron.
◍ What did Neils Bohr discover?.
Answer: Discovered electrons are arranged according to energy levels
, ◍ How many electrons can shells 1-4 hold?.
Answer: 2.8.18.32
◍ How many electrons are in a s sub-shell?.
Answer: 2
◍ How many electrons are in a p sub-shell?.
Answer: 6
◍ How many electrons are in a d sub-shell.
Answer: 10
◍ How many electrons are in a f sub-shell.
Answer: 14
◍ How many electrons can each orbital hold?.
Answer: 2 electrons
◍ What is an orbital?.
Answer: a region in an atom where there is a high probability of finding
electrons.
◍ Why is large amounts of energy required for nuclear fusion?.
Answer: To overcome the repulsion of the two nuclei.
◍ What is relative atomic mass?.
Answer: The total average mass of one atom of an element relative to
carbon-12.W
◍ What is a dative covalent bond?.
Answer: A covalent bond in which both of the electrons come from the same
atom.
◍ What is the script for shapes of molecules questions?.
Answer: -x set of electrons repel each other as far apart as possible around
the central (element) atom.-Name shape and bond angle.
◍ What does a lone pair do to the bond angle of an atom and why?.
Answer: They repel the bonding set by another 2° as the lone pair is closer
