BIO 340 Exam 1 Questions and Answers | 2026
Updated | 100% Correct|| GRADED a+\\ PASS!!
selective breeding (artificial selection) - ANSWER-the process of developing organisms
with specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - ANSWER-Amateur botanist who published an
explanation of hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant
experiments and commonly referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - ANSWER-the study of heredity and the variation of inherited
characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - ANSWER-an experiment proposed by Frederick
Griffith in 1928 which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed
virulent Pneumococcus strain can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - ANSWER-biological researchers who identified DNA
as the likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - ANSWER-concluded that the genetic material of the
bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - ANSWER-Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities
of A and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing
rule for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - ANSWER-British bacteriologist; the first person to show that
hereditary information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather
than vertically
genome - ANSWER-the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
, vertical transmission - ANSWER-gene transmission between organisms without
parental reproduction
horizontal transmission - ANSWER-gene transmission from parents to their offspring
through reproduction (aka person-to-person)
DNA replication - ANSWER-the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
transcription - ANSWER-synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
mRNA (messenger RNA) - ANSWER-a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the
information to make a protein
hereditary material - ANSWER-the information which is passed from one cellular
generation to the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
Pauling and Corey (1951) - ANSWER-biological researchers who provided the basis for
research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic
acid)
Watson and Crick (1953) - ANSWER-the two scientists who discovered the structure
and shape of DNA
nucleotide - ANSWER-a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar
covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
genes - ANSWER-DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
chromosomes - ANSWER-a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in
the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
nucleoid - ANSWER-a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
diploid - ANSWER-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each
parent (2n)
haploid - ANSWER-an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
(n)
gametes - ANSWER-human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - ANSWER-matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid
organism
Updated | 100% Correct|| GRADED a+\\ PASS!!
selective breeding (artificial selection) - ANSWER-the process of developing organisms
with specific characteristics as chosen by the breeders
Gregor Mendel (1822-1884) - ANSWER-Amateur botanist who published an
explanation of hereditary transmission in plants in 1866. Known for his pea-plant
experiments and commonly referred to as the "father of genetics"
modern genetics - ANSWER-the study of heredity and the variation of inherited
characteristics
bacterial transforming principle - ANSWER-an experiment proposed by Frederick
Griffith in 1928 which suggested that a "transforming principle" from a heat-killed
virulent Pneumococcus strain can transform a non-virulent strain into a pathogenic one.
Avery, McCarty, MacLeod (1944) - ANSWER-biological researchers who identified DNA
as the likely transforming principle in Griffith's experiment.
Hershey and Chase (1952) - ANSWER-concluded that the genetic material of the
bacteriophage was DNA, not protein.
Edwin Chargaff - ANSWER-Austrian biochemist who discovered that identical quantities
of A and T, C and G were present in DNA (developed the complementary base-pairing
rule for DNA).
Frederick Griffith (1928) - ANSWER-British bacteriologist; the first person to show that
hereditary information could be transferred from one cell to another horizontally rather
than vertically
genome - ANSWER-the complete set of genetic information carried by a species
, vertical transmission - ANSWER-gene transmission between organisms without
parental reproduction
horizontal transmission - ANSWER-gene transmission from parents to their offspring
through reproduction (aka person-to-person)
DNA replication - ANSWER-the process in which DNA makes a duplicate copy of itself.
transcription - ANSWER-synthesis of an RNA molecule from a DNA template
mRNA (messenger RNA) - ANSWER-a single-stranded RNA molecule that encodes the
information to make a protein
hereditary material - ANSWER-the information which is passed from one cellular
generation to the next (encoded in DNA in humans).
Pauling and Corey (1951) - ANSWER-biological researchers who provided the basis for
research on DNA structure (proposed an alpha helix model as a structure for nucleic
acid)
Watson and Crick (1953) - ANSWER-the two scientists who discovered the structure
and shape of DNA
nucleotide - ANSWER-a building block of DNA, consisting of a five-carbon sugar
covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and a phosphate group.
genes - ANSWER-DNA segments that serve as the key functional units in hereditary
transmission.
chromosomes - ANSWER-a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in
the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
nucleoid - ANSWER-a dense region of DNA in a prokaryotic cell.
diploid - ANSWER-containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each
parent (2n)
haploid - ANSWER-an organism or cell having only one complete set of chromosomes
(n)
gametes - ANSWER-human sex cells containing one set of 23 chromosomes
homologous chromosomes - ANSWER-matched pairs of chromosomes in a diploid
organism
