With reference to explicit strategies, evaluate urban policy and regeneration
in Britain since 1979
Urban development Corporations 1980s
- Effective in attracting new businesses to rundown areas and improving urban
environment
- By mid 1990s – attracted £12 billion in private sector investment and created
190,000 jobs nationally
- Property led approach did little to tackle social problems
- Locals complained of little involvement in process e.g. London Docklands –
locals didn’t benefit from new housing and jobs created, many displaced due to
higher costs of living
City Challenge 1990s
- Local authorities had to bid for funding and was judged = resulted in more
successful regeneration schemes
- Gave equal importance to buildings, people and values
- 1997 data revealed city challenge improved 40,000 houses, created 53,000
jobs, reclaimed 2,000 hectares of derelict land
- Resources were spread thinly over large areas
- Areas which received government funding from previous schemes were reliant
on bidding process, many lost out due to bidding when they still needed money
- Money was wasted in preparing bids in local authorities that didn’t win funding
New deal for communities 2000s
- 2002-2008 NDC areas saw improvements in 32/36 core indicators of crime,
education, health, unemployment, community, housing, physical environment
- Gaps at national and local authority had narrowed
- NDC strategy delivered greater positive change from place rather than people
related outcomes
- Little net change in education and worklessness
Outline reasons for resurgence
- Government led regeneration schemes
- Development by private companies attracts investment into central areas
- City living is more attractive – people move closer to work, more entertainment
and leisure facilities
- Gentrification – areas become more fashionable with independent shops and
bars
- Major festivals or sporting events act as catalyst for regeneration
Analyse the impacts of deindustrialisation on urban areas
Economic impacts
- Unemployment, reduced job opportunities, closure of businesses/industries
- Increased population receiving state and council tax benefits
- Loss of income to the local authority – inability to provide social services
- De-multiplier effect – service sector declines as local population have less
disposable income – sets off spiral of declines – failure to attract investment
- Fall in property prices
Social impacts
- Higher levels of poverty and deprivation
- Out-migration which can be white flight which increases social segregation
- Higher crime levels and increase health issues due to poor diet, alcoholism,
drug abuse
Environmental problems
- Dereliction of buildings and land
, - Residue pollution from dirty industries
- Deterioration of infrastructure and reduced maintenance of social housing and
public buildings due to lack of funds
- Positive impacts – reduced noise, pollution, and congestion
With reference to examples, analyse the physical and human factors that
have shaped the spatial patterns of land use, segregation, and diversity in
contrasting urban areas
Physical
- Typography – depend on history of urban areas, city centres can be in valley
near bridging point e.g. London or top of a hill in former defensive sites e.g.
Edinburgh. Higher class residential areas are on higher ground in developed
cities but higher and steep ground can be used for squatter settlements in less
developed countries
- Natural coastal inlets – often developed as natural ports and become central
to the cities activities e.g. Portsmouth
- Wind direction – industrial times – higher class residential on upwind side of
city – received less pollution. Many UK industrial cities have better housing on
west and lower class on the east due to prevailing south westerly winds e.g.
London, Glasgow
Human
- Land values – highest nearest city centre – why it was used for business
functions. More space could be afforded as you moved outwards – why larger
housing in developed countries is in outskirts
- Migration – different waves of migration bring people of different nationalities,
culture, religions. Migrants settle and congregate near people of the same
nationality, culture etc. for security and support network purposes. Leads to
special segregation and the development of quarters or ghettos
- Agglomeration – many similar industries and certain functions locate near to
each other e.g. because certain resources are needed e.g. water or central skills
are available or cost saving. In a collaborative or competitive atmosphere e.g.
Covent Garden in London
What are the characteristics for the new types of urban landscapes e.g.
Town mixed centre developments, edge cites, fortress landscapes?
Town mixed centre developments
- Wider range of leisure facilities e.g. cinemas, theatres, cafes, restaurants, other
cultural areas
- Availability of paces e.g. gardens, promotion of street entertainment,
developing nightlife, developing flagship attractions
- New office constructions, apartments, hotels, conference centres
- Encouraging residential areas to return to city centres
Edge cities
- Self-contained settlements which emerged beyond city boundaries and
developed as their own city
- Result of urban sprawl especially USA where there is more space and no green
belt to prevent sprawl
- Develop close to major roads or airports so people can commute to work
- Shops, offices, businesses become decentralised from the original city
- Wide range of amenities e.g. schools, shopping malls, entertainment which
means residents don’t go back to original city
- Linked to social segregation – wealth moved to new fringe/suburban cities which
leave disadvantaged in old city centre
in Britain since 1979
Urban development Corporations 1980s
- Effective in attracting new businesses to rundown areas and improving urban
environment
- By mid 1990s – attracted £12 billion in private sector investment and created
190,000 jobs nationally
- Property led approach did little to tackle social problems
- Locals complained of little involvement in process e.g. London Docklands –
locals didn’t benefit from new housing and jobs created, many displaced due to
higher costs of living
City Challenge 1990s
- Local authorities had to bid for funding and was judged = resulted in more
successful regeneration schemes
- Gave equal importance to buildings, people and values
- 1997 data revealed city challenge improved 40,000 houses, created 53,000
jobs, reclaimed 2,000 hectares of derelict land
- Resources were spread thinly over large areas
- Areas which received government funding from previous schemes were reliant
on bidding process, many lost out due to bidding when they still needed money
- Money was wasted in preparing bids in local authorities that didn’t win funding
New deal for communities 2000s
- 2002-2008 NDC areas saw improvements in 32/36 core indicators of crime,
education, health, unemployment, community, housing, physical environment
- Gaps at national and local authority had narrowed
- NDC strategy delivered greater positive change from place rather than people
related outcomes
- Little net change in education and worklessness
Outline reasons for resurgence
- Government led regeneration schemes
- Development by private companies attracts investment into central areas
- City living is more attractive – people move closer to work, more entertainment
and leisure facilities
- Gentrification – areas become more fashionable with independent shops and
bars
- Major festivals or sporting events act as catalyst for regeneration
Analyse the impacts of deindustrialisation on urban areas
Economic impacts
- Unemployment, reduced job opportunities, closure of businesses/industries
- Increased population receiving state and council tax benefits
- Loss of income to the local authority – inability to provide social services
- De-multiplier effect – service sector declines as local population have less
disposable income – sets off spiral of declines – failure to attract investment
- Fall in property prices
Social impacts
- Higher levels of poverty and deprivation
- Out-migration which can be white flight which increases social segregation
- Higher crime levels and increase health issues due to poor diet, alcoholism,
drug abuse
Environmental problems
- Dereliction of buildings and land
, - Residue pollution from dirty industries
- Deterioration of infrastructure and reduced maintenance of social housing and
public buildings due to lack of funds
- Positive impacts – reduced noise, pollution, and congestion
With reference to examples, analyse the physical and human factors that
have shaped the spatial patterns of land use, segregation, and diversity in
contrasting urban areas
Physical
- Typography – depend on history of urban areas, city centres can be in valley
near bridging point e.g. London or top of a hill in former defensive sites e.g.
Edinburgh. Higher class residential areas are on higher ground in developed
cities but higher and steep ground can be used for squatter settlements in less
developed countries
- Natural coastal inlets – often developed as natural ports and become central
to the cities activities e.g. Portsmouth
- Wind direction – industrial times – higher class residential on upwind side of
city – received less pollution. Many UK industrial cities have better housing on
west and lower class on the east due to prevailing south westerly winds e.g.
London, Glasgow
Human
- Land values – highest nearest city centre – why it was used for business
functions. More space could be afforded as you moved outwards – why larger
housing in developed countries is in outskirts
- Migration – different waves of migration bring people of different nationalities,
culture, religions. Migrants settle and congregate near people of the same
nationality, culture etc. for security and support network purposes. Leads to
special segregation and the development of quarters or ghettos
- Agglomeration – many similar industries and certain functions locate near to
each other e.g. because certain resources are needed e.g. water or central skills
are available or cost saving. In a collaborative or competitive atmosphere e.g.
Covent Garden in London
What are the characteristics for the new types of urban landscapes e.g.
Town mixed centre developments, edge cites, fortress landscapes?
Town mixed centre developments
- Wider range of leisure facilities e.g. cinemas, theatres, cafes, restaurants, other
cultural areas
- Availability of paces e.g. gardens, promotion of street entertainment,
developing nightlife, developing flagship attractions
- New office constructions, apartments, hotels, conference centres
- Encouraging residential areas to return to city centres
Edge cities
- Self-contained settlements which emerged beyond city boundaries and
developed as their own city
- Result of urban sprawl especially USA where there is more space and no green
belt to prevent sprawl
- Develop close to major roads or airports so people can commute to work
- Shops, offices, businesses become decentralised from the original city
- Wide range of amenities e.g. schools, shopping malls, entertainment which
means residents don’t go back to original city
- Linked to social segregation – wealth moved to new fringe/suburban cities which
leave disadvantaged in old city centre
