12 - 1950-1969 Final Exam Questions
and Already Questions and Already
Passed Answers.
McCarthyism (1950-1954) - Answer McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of
subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term refers to U.S. senator
Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin) and has its origins in the period in the United States known as
the Second Red Scare, lasting from the late 1940s through the 1950s. It was characterized by
heightened political repression and a campaign spreading fear of communist influence on
American institutions and of espionage by Soviet agents. After the mid-1950s, McCarthyism
began to decline, mainly due to the gradual loss of public popularity and opposition from the
U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren. The Warren Court made a series of rulings
that helped bring an end to McCarthyism.
What would become known as the McCarthy era began before McCarthy's rise to national
fame. Following the First Red Scare, in 1947, President Truman signed an executive order to
screen federal employees for association with organizations deemed "totalitarian, fascist,
communist, or subversive", or advocating "to alter the form of Government of the United States
by unconstitutional means." In 1949, a high-level State Department official was convicted of
perjury in a case of espionage, and the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb. The Korean War
started the next year, raising tensions in the United States. In a speech in February 1950,
Senator McCarthy presented a list of alleged members of the Communist Party working in the
State Department, which attracted press attention. The term "McCarthyism" was published for
the first time in late March of that year in the Christian Science Monitor, and in a political
cartoon by Herblock in the Washington Post. The term has since taken on a broader meaning,
describing the excesses of similar efforts. In the early 21st century, the term is used more
generally
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) - Answer The Act required Communist organizations
to register with the United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities
Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise
promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," either fascist or communist.
Members of these groups could not become citizens and in some cases were prevented from
entering or leaving the country. Immigrants found in violation of the act within five years of
being naturalized could have their citizenship revoked.
The Act also contained an emergency detention statute, giving the President the authority to
apprehend and detain "each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that
such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of
espionage or sabotage."
It tightened alien exclusion and deportation laws and allowed for the detention of dangerous,
disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or "internal security emergency". The act had
implications for thousands of people displaced because of the Second World War. In March
1951, chairman of the United States Displaced Persons Commission was quoted as saying that
,100,000 people would be barred from entering the United States that otherwise would have
been accepted. By March 1, 1951, the act had excluded 54,000 people of German ethnic origin
and 12,000 displaced Russian persons from entering the United States. Notable persons barred
from the United States include Ernst Chain, who was declined a visa on two occasions in 1951.
Korean War Begins (1950) - Answer The Korean War was a war between North Korea (with
the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United
Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea
invaded South Korea.
At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from
imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945. After the war had ended, Korea was
divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation, the Soviets administered the northern
half and the Americans administered the southern half. With the border set at the 38th parallel
in 1948, two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold
War (between the Soviet Union and the United States). A socialist state was established in the
north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under
the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee. Both governments of the two new Korean
states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the
border as permanent.
The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military (Korean People's Army, KPA)
forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—crossed the border and advanced into South
Korea on 25 June 1950. The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation of the
United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a
North Korean invasion. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to
the UN force, with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel.
After the first two months of war, South Korean Army (ROKA) and the US forces rapidly
dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat. As a result, the ROKA and US troops retreated
to a small a
22nd Amendment (1951) - Answer The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States
Constitution sets a limit on the number of times an individual is eligible for election to the office
of President of the United States, and also sets additional eligibility conditions for presidents
who succeed to the unexpired terms of their predecessors.
Prior to the ratification of the amendment, the president had not been subject to term limits,
but George Washington had established a two-term tradition that many other presidents had
followed. In the 1940 presidential election and the 1944 presidential election, Franklin D.
Roosevelt became the first president to win a third term and then later a fourth term, giving rise
to concerns about the potential issues involved with a president serving an unlimited number of
terms. Congress approved the Twenty-second Amendment on March 24, 1947, and submitted it
to the state legislatures for ratification. That process was completed on February 27, 1951, after
,the amendment had been ratified by the requisite 36 of the then-48 states (as neither Alaska
nor Hawaii had been admitted as states), and its provisions came into force on that date.
The amendment prohibits any individual who has been elected president twice from being
elected again. Under the amendment, an individual who fills an unexpired presidential term
lasting greater than two years is also prohibited from winning election as president more than
once. Scholars debate whether the amendment prohibits affected individuals from succeeding
to the presidency under any circumstances or whether it only applies to presidential elections.
Mutual Security Act (1951) - Answer The Mutual Security Act of 1951 launched a major
American foreign aid program, 1951-61, of grants to numerous countries. It largely replaced the
Marshall Plan. The main goal was to help poor countries develop and to contain the spread of
communism. It was a signed on October 10, 1951 by President Harry S. Truman. Annual
authorizations were about $7.5 billion, out of a GDP of $340bn in 1951, for military, economic,
and technical foreign aid to American allies. The aid was aimed primarily at shoring up Western
Europe, as the Cold War developed. In 1961 it was replaced by new foreign aid program. The
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, created the Agency for International Development (AID), which
focused more on Latin America.
As the Marshall Plan was ending, Congress was in the process of piecing together a new foreign
aid proposal designed to unite military and economic programs with technical assistance. In the
words of Secretary of State Dean Acheson, who testified before Congress, Western Europe
needed assistance against Soviet "encroachment." The measure was intended to signal
Washington's resolve to allies and to the Kremlin that the United States was capable of and
committed to containing communism globally, even while it fought a protracted land war in
Korea. The measure took about two months to work its way through the House, meeting
resistance from fiscal conservatives along the way. Republicans were divided about the cost of
the expenditures; nevertheless nearly half (80) joined the overwhelming majority of Democrats
to pass the measure 260 to 101 on August 17. John M. Vorys of Ohio summed up GOP support
for the measure, noting that military aid to "nations who will fight on our side" is "sound
economy." Representative James P. Richards of South Carolina, chairman of the Foreign Affairs
Committee, noted that the
Television (1951) - Answer The first live transcontinental television broadcast takes place in
San Francisco, California from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference. One month later, the
situation comedy I Love Lucy premieres on CBS, sparking the rise of television in the American
home and the Golden Age of Television.
ANZUS Treaty (1952) - Answer The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty
(ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the 1951 collective security non-binding agreement between
Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the United States, to co-operate on
military matters in the Pacific Ocean region, although today the treaty is taken to relate to
conflicts worldwide. It provides that an armed attack on any of the three parties would be
dangerous to the others, and that each should act to meet the common threat. It set up a
committee of foreign ministers that can meet for consultation.
, The treaty was one of the series that the United States formed in the 1949-1955 era as part of
its collective response to the threat of communism during the Cold War. New Zealand was
suspended from ANZUS in 1986 as it initiated a nuclear-free zone in its territorial waters; in late
2012 the United States lifted a ban on visits by New Zealand warships leading to a thawing in
tensions. New Zealand maintains a nuclear-free zone as part of its foreign policy and is partially
suspended from ANZUS, as the United States maintains an ambiguous policy whether or not the
warships carry nuclear weapons and operates numerous nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and
submarines; however New Zealand resumed key areas of the ANZUS treaty in 2007.
Immigration & Nationality Act (1952) - Answer The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
governs immigration to and citizenship in the United States. It has been in effect since June 27,
1952. Before this Act, a variety of statutes governed immigration law but were not organized
within one body of text.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 was debated and passed in the context of Cold
War-era fears and suspicions of infiltrating Communist and Soviet spies and sympathizers within
American institutions and federal government. Anticommunist sentiment associated with the
Second Red Scare and McCarthyism in the United States led restrictionists to push for selective
immigration to preserve national security. Senator Pat McCarran (D-Nevada), the chairman of
the Senate Judiciary Committee, proposed an immigration bill to maintain status quo in the
United States and to safeguard the country from communism, "Jewish interests", and
undesirables that he deemed as external threats to national security. His immigration bill
included restrictive measures such as increased review of potential immigrants, stepped-up
deportation, and more stringent naturalization procedures. The bill also placed a preference on
economic potential, special skills, and education. In addition, Representative Francis E. Walter
(D-Pennsylvania) proposed a similar immigration bill to the House.
President Harry Truman vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act because it continued national-origins
quotas that discriminated against potential allies that contained communist groups. However,
Congress overrode the veto by a two-thirds vote of each house. The 82nd United States
Congress enacted the act, which became effective on June 27, 1952. The passage of the
McCarran-Walter bill, known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, solidified more
restrictive immigration movement in the United States.
The
U.S. Presidential Election (1952) - Answer 1952 United States presidential election: Dwight D.
Eisenhower elected as president, Richard Nixon elected as vice president
Korean Armistice Agreement (1953) - Answer The Korean Armistice Agreement is the
armistice that brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed
by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations
Command (UNC), North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA),
and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and
and Already Questions and Already
Passed Answers.
McCarthyism (1950-1954) - Answer McCarthyism is the practice of making accusations of
subversion or treason without proper regard for evidence. The term refers to U.S. senator
Joseph McCarthy (R-Wisconsin) and has its origins in the period in the United States known as
the Second Red Scare, lasting from the late 1940s through the 1950s. It was characterized by
heightened political repression and a campaign spreading fear of communist influence on
American institutions and of espionage by Soviet agents. After the mid-1950s, McCarthyism
began to decline, mainly due to the gradual loss of public popularity and opposition from the
U.S. Supreme Court led by Chief Justice Earl Warren. The Warren Court made a series of rulings
that helped bring an end to McCarthyism.
What would become known as the McCarthy era began before McCarthy's rise to national
fame. Following the First Red Scare, in 1947, President Truman signed an executive order to
screen federal employees for association with organizations deemed "totalitarian, fascist,
communist, or subversive", or advocating "to alter the form of Government of the United States
by unconstitutional means." In 1949, a high-level State Department official was convicted of
perjury in a case of espionage, and the Soviet Union tested an atomic bomb. The Korean War
started the next year, raising tensions in the United States. In a speech in February 1950,
Senator McCarthy presented a list of alleged members of the Communist Party working in the
State Department, which attracted press attention. The term "McCarthyism" was published for
the first time in late March of that year in the Christian Science Monitor, and in a political
cartoon by Herblock in the Washington Post. The term has since taken on a broader meaning,
describing the excesses of similar efforts. In the early 21st century, the term is used more
generally
McCarran Internal Security Act (1950) - Answer The Act required Communist organizations
to register with the United States Attorney General and established the Subversive Activities
Control Board to investigate persons suspected of engaging in subversive activities or otherwise
promoting the establishment of a "totalitarian dictatorship," either fascist or communist.
Members of these groups could not become citizens and in some cases were prevented from
entering or leaving the country. Immigrants found in violation of the act within five years of
being naturalized could have their citizenship revoked.
The Act also contained an emergency detention statute, giving the President the authority to
apprehend and detain "each person as to whom there is a reasonable ground to believe that
such person probably will engage in, or probably will conspire with others to engage in, acts of
espionage or sabotage."
It tightened alien exclusion and deportation laws and allowed for the detention of dangerous,
disloyal, or subversive persons in times of war or "internal security emergency". The act had
implications for thousands of people displaced because of the Second World War. In March
1951, chairman of the United States Displaced Persons Commission was quoted as saying that
,100,000 people would be barred from entering the United States that otherwise would have
been accepted. By March 1, 1951, the act had excluded 54,000 people of German ethnic origin
and 12,000 displaced Russian persons from entering the United States. Notable persons barred
from the United States include Ernst Chain, who was declined a visa on two occasions in 1951.
Korean War Begins (1950) - Answer The Korean War was a war between North Korea (with
the support of China and the Soviet Union) and South Korea (with the support of the United
Nations, principally from the United States). The war began on 25 June 1950 when North Korea
invaded South Korea.
At the end of World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States liberated Korea from
imperial Japanese colonial control on 15 August 1945. After the war had ended, Korea was
divided at the 38th parallel into two zones of occupation, the Soviets administered the northern
half and the Americans administered the southern half. With the border set at the 38th parallel
in 1948, two sovereign states were established as a result of geopolitical tensions of the Cold
War (between the Soviet Union and the United States). A socialist state was established in the
north under the communist leadership of Kim Il-sung and a capitalist state in the south under
the anti-communist leadership of Syngman Rhee. Both governments of the two new Korean
states claimed to be the sole legitimate government of all of Korea, and neither accepted the
border as permanent.
The conflict escalated into warfare when North Korean military (Korean People's Army, KPA)
forces—supported by the Soviet Union and China—crossed the border and advanced into South
Korea on 25 June 1950. The United Nations Security Council authorized the formation of the
United Nations Command and the dispatch of forces to Korea to repel what was recognized as a
North Korean invasion. Twenty-one countries of the United Nations eventually contributed to
the UN force, with the United States providing around 90% of the military personnel.
After the first two months of war, South Korean Army (ROKA) and the US forces rapidly
dispatched to Korea were on the point of defeat. As a result, the ROKA and US troops retreated
to a small a
22nd Amendment (1951) - Answer The Twenty-second Amendment to the United States
Constitution sets a limit on the number of times an individual is eligible for election to the office
of President of the United States, and also sets additional eligibility conditions for presidents
who succeed to the unexpired terms of their predecessors.
Prior to the ratification of the amendment, the president had not been subject to term limits,
but George Washington had established a two-term tradition that many other presidents had
followed. In the 1940 presidential election and the 1944 presidential election, Franklin D.
Roosevelt became the first president to win a third term and then later a fourth term, giving rise
to concerns about the potential issues involved with a president serving an unlimited number of
terms. Congress approved the Twenty-second Amendment on March 24, 1947, and submitted it
to the state legislatures for ratification. That process was completed on February 27, 1951, after
,the amendment had been ratified by the requisite 36 of the then-48 states (as neither Alaska
nor Hawaii had been admitted as states), and its provisions came into force on that date.
The amendment prohibits any individual who has been elected president twice from being
elected again. Under the amendment, an individual who fills an unexpired presidential term
lasting greater than two years is also prohibited from winning election as president more than
once. Scholars debate whether the amendment prohibits affected individuals from succeeding
to the presidency under any circumstances or whether it only applies to presidential elections.
Mutual Security Act (1951) - Answer The Mutual Security Act of 1951 launched a major
American foreign aid program, 1951-61, of grants to numerous countries. It largely replaced the
Marshall Plan. The main goal was to help poor countries develop and to contain the spread of
communism. It was a signed on October 10, 1951 by President Harry S. Truman. Annual
authorizations were about $7.5 billion, out of a GDP of $340bn in 1951, for military, economic,
and technical foreign aid to American allies. The aid was aimed primarily at shoring up Western
Europe, as the Cold War developed. In 1961 it was replaced by new foreign aid program. The
Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, created the Agency for International Development (AID), which
focused more on Latin America.
As the Marshall Plan was ending, Congress was in the process of piecing together a new foreign
aid proposal designed to unite military and economic programs with technical assistance. In the
words of Secretary of State Dean Acheson, who testified before Congress, Western Europe
needed assistance against Soviet "encroachment." The measure was intended to signal
Washington's resolve to allies and to the Kremlin that the United States was capable of and
committed to containing communism globally, even while it fought a protracted land war in
Korea. The measure took about two months to work its way through the House, meeting
resistance from fiscal conservatives along the way. Republicans were divided about the cost of
the expenditures; nevertheless nearly half (80) joined the overwhelming majority of Democrats
to pass the measure 260 to 101 on August 17. John M. Vorys of Ohio summed up GOP support
for the measure, noting that military aid to "nations who will fight on our side" is "sound
economy." Representative James P. Richards of South Carolina, chairman of the Foreign Affairs
Committee, noted that the
Television (1951) - Answer The first live transcontinental television broadcast takes place in
San Francisco, California from the Japanese Peace Treaty Conference. One month later, the
situation comedy I Love Lucy premieres on CBS, sparking the rise of television in the American
home and the Golden Age of Television.
ANZUS Treaty (1952) - Answer The Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty
(ANZUS or ANZUS Treaty) is the 1951 collective security non-binding agreement between
Australia and New Zealand and, separately, Australia and the United States, to co-operate on
military matters in the Pacific Ocean region, although today the treaty is taken to relate to
conflicts worldwide. It provides that an armed attack on any of the three parties would be
dangerous to the others, and that each should act to meet the common threat. It set up a
committee of foreign ministers that can meet for consultation.
, The treaty was one of the series that the United States formed in the 1949-1955 era as part of
its collective response to the threat of communism during the Cold War. New Zealand was
suspended from ANZUS in 1986 as it initiated a nuclear-free zone in its territorial waters; in late
2012 the United States lifted a ban on visits by New Zealand warships leading to a thawing in
tensions. New Zealand maintains a nuclear-free zone as part of its foreign policy and is partially
suspended from ANZUS, as the United States maintains an ambiguous policy whether or not the
warships carry nuclear weapons and operates numerous nuclear-powered aircraft carriers and
submarines; however New Zealand resumed key areas of the ANZUS treaty in 2007.
Immigration & Nationality Act (1952) - Answer The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952
governs immigration to and citizenship in the United States. It has been in effect since June 27,
1952. Before this Act, a variety of statutes governed immigration law but were not organized
within one body of text.
The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952 was debated and passed in the context of Cold
War-era fears and suspicions of infiltrating Communist and Soviet spies and sympathizers within
American institutions and federal government. Anticommunist sentiment associated with the
Second Red Scare and McCarthyism in the United States led restrictionists to push for selective
immigration to preserve national security. Senator Pat McCarran (D-Nevada), the chairman of
the Senate Judiciary Committee, proposed an immigration bill to maintain status quo in the
United States and to safeguard the country from communism, "Jewish interests", and
undesirables that he deemed as external threats to national security. His immigration bill
included restrictive measures such as increased review of potential immigrants, stepped-up
deportation, and more stringent naturalization procedures. The bill also placed a preference on
economic potential, special skills, and education. In addition, Representative Francis E. Walter
(D-Pennsylvania) proposed a similar immigration bill to the House.
President Harry Truman vetoed the McCarran-Walter Act because it continued national-origins
quotas that discriminated against potential allies that contained communist groups. However,
Congress overrode the veto by a two-thirds vote of each house. The 82nd United States
Congress enacted the act, which became effective on June 27, 1952. The passage of the
McCarran-Walter bill, known as the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1952, solidified more
restrictive immigration movement in the United States.
The
U.S. Presidential Election (1952) - Answer 1952 United States presidential election: Dwight D.
Eisenhower elected as president, Richard Nixon elected as vice president
Korean Armistice Agreement (1953) - Answer The Korean Armistice Agreement is the
armistice that brought about a complete cessation of hostilities of the Korean War. It was signed
by U.S. Army Lieutenant General William Harrison, Jr. representing the United Nations
Command (UNC), North Korean General Nam Il representing the Korean People's Army (KPA),
and the Chinese People's Volunteer Army (PVA). The armistice was signed on 27 July 1953, and
