ADVANCED CONCEPTS OF MEDICAL
SURGICAL NURSING GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ apex of heart. Answer: bottom of heart (point of maximal impulse
- PMI)
◉ AV valves. Answer: tricuspid and mitral
◉ semilunar valves. Answer: pulmonary and aortic
◉ diastole. Answer: heart is relaxed
◉ systole. Answer: heart is contracting
◉ "Tissue Paper My Assets"
Tricuspid > Pulmonic > Mitral > Aortic. Answer: blood flow through
cardiac valves
◉ S1. Answer: first heart sound; mitral and tricuspid are closing
,◉ S2. Answer: second heart sound; closing of pulmonic and aortic
valves
◉ heard best at apex. Answer: S1
◉ heard best at base. Answer: S2
◉ S3. Answer: typically not normal, but can be normal in children,
adolescents, or athletes; can also be caused by pregnancy; volume
overload
◉ best heard when patient is lying on left side. Answer: S3
◉ S3 cadence. Answer: kentucky
◉ S4. Answer: typically never normal; could be due to MI (heart
attack) or chronic hypertension; causes: diastolic heart failure, MI,
hypertrophy; abnormal, stiff ventricles
◉ S4 cadence. Answer: tennessee or florida
◉ valves. Answer: murmurs deal with ____
,◉ stenosis. Answer: valves don't open properly
◉ regurgitation. Answer: valves don't close properly
◉ bell. Answer: murmurs are heard best with what part of
stethoscope
◉ aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid
regurgitation. Answer: causes of systole murmurs
◉ aortic regurgitation, pulmonic regurgitation, mitral stenosis,
tricuspid stenosis. Answer: causes of diastole murmurs
◉ angina. Answer: chest pain
◉ dyspnea. Answer: shortness of breath
◉ nocturnal dyspnea. Answer: nighttime SOB, SOB when sleeping
◉ cyanosis color. Answer: blue
◉ pallor color. Answer: pale
, ◉ low cardiac output. Answer: less blood flow, so less oxygen
throughout body
◉ nocturia. Answer: increased urination at night
◉ cardiac assessment history. Answer: - chest pain
- SOB
- sleep position
- dizziness/lightheadedness - w/ activity?
- cough - could be med side effect
- cyanosis and pallor - low cardiac output
- fatigue
- edema (bilat lower extremities, weight gain)
- nocturia
- risk factors
◉ cardiac assessment history - risk factors. Answer: Hypertension
Age
Obesity
Genetics
Diabetes
SURGICAL NURSING GUIDE 2026 COMPLETE
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS GRADED A+
◉ apex of heart. Answer: bottom of heart (point of maximal impulse
- PMI)
◉ AV valves. Answer: tricuspid and mitral
◉ semilunar valves. Answer: pulmonary and aortic
◉ diastole. Answer: heart is relaxed
◉ systole. Answer: heart is contracting
◉ "Tissue Paper My Assets"
Tricuspid > Pulmonic > Mitral > Aortic. Answer: blood flow through
cardiac valves
◉ S1. Answer: first heart sound; mitral and tricuspid are closing
,◉ S2. Answer: second heart sound; closing of pulmonic and aortic
valves
◉ heard best at apex. Answer: S1
◉ heard best at base. Answer: S2
◉ S3. Answer: typically not normal, but can be normal in children,
adolescents, or athletes; can also be caused by pregnancy; volume
overload
◉ best heard when patient is lying on left side. Answer: S3
◉ S3 cadence. Answer: kentucky
◉ S4. Answer: typically never normal; could be due to MI (heart
attack) or chronic hypertension; causes: diastolic heart failure, MI,
hypertrophy; abnormal, stiff ventricles
◉ S4 cadence. Answer: tennessee or florida
◉ valves. Answer: murmurs deal with ____
,◉ stenosis. Answer: valves don't open properly
◉ regurgitation. Answer: valves don't close properly
◉ bell. Answer: murmurs are heard best with what part of
stethoscope
◉ aortic stenosis, pulmonic stenosis, mitral regurgitation, tricuspid
regurgitation. Answer: causes of systole murmurs
◉ aortic regurgitation, pulmonic regurgitation, mitral stenosis,
tricuspid stenosis. Answer: causes of diastole murmurs
◉ angina. Answer: chest pain
◉ dyspnea. Answer: shortness of breath
◉ nocturnal dyspnea. Answer: nighttime SOB, SOB when sleeping
◉ cyanosis color. Answer: blue
◉ pallor color. Answer: pale
, ◉ low cardiac output. Answer: less blood flow, so less oxygen
throughout body
◉ nocturia. Answer: increased urination at night
◉ cardiac assessment history. Answer: - chest pain
- SOB
- sleep position
- dizziness/lightheadedness - w/ activity?
- cough - could be med side effect
- cyanosis and pallor - low cardiac output
- fatigue
- edema (bilat lower extremities, weight gain)
- nocturia
- risk factors
◉ cardiac assessment history - risk factors. Answer: Hypertension
Age
Obesity
Genetics
Diabetes
