wound certification exam| questions and correct answers 2026/2027 Latest Update

wound certification exam| questions and correct answers 2026/2027 Latest Update what are 6 risk factor components of Braden Scale for pressure ulcer? sensory perception, moisture, mobility, activity, nutrition, and shear/friction What is the name of the organization that developed the pressure ulcer staging? NPUAP (national pressure ulcer advisory panel) pathological effect of excessive pressure on soft tissue can be attributed by 3 factors? what are they? tissue tolerance, duration of pressure, and intensity of pressure what are the extrinsic factors that impact pressure ulcers? increase in moisture, friction and shearing how does friction play a role in shearing which eventually leads to pressure ulcer? friction alone causes only superfical abrasion, but with gravity it plays a synergistic effect leading to shearing. When gravity pushes down on the body and resistance (friction) between the patient and surface is exerted, shearing occurs. because skin does not freely move, primary effect of shearing occurs at the deeper fascial level. what are the intrisinc factors of pressur ulcers? nutritional debilitation, advanced age, low BP, stress, smoking, elevated body temperature Aging skin undergoes what elements affecting risk for pressure ulcer? dermoepidermal junction flattens, less nutrient exchange occurs, less resistance to shearing, changes in sensory perception, loss of dermal thickness, increased vascular fragility; ability of soft tisuse to distribute mechanical load w/out comprosing blood flow is impaired What does nonblanching erythema indicate in the skin r/t PU? when pressure is applied to the erythematic area skin becomes white (blanched), but once relieved, erythema returns -indicating blood flow; however in nonblanching erythema, skin does not blanche-indicating impaired blood flow-suggesting tissue destructon why does sitting in a chair pose more of a risk in skin break down than lying? deep tissue injury or PU is likely to occur sooner sitting down because tissue offloading over boney prominences is higher Describe what you will see in deep tissue injury? purple or maroon localized area of discolored intact skin skinor blood filled blister; may be preceded by painful, firm, mushy, or boggy; skin may be warmer to cooler in adjacent tissue. In dark skin, thin blister or eschar over a dark wound bed may bee seen Describe stage I pressure ulcer? Intact skin with nonblanchable redness of localized area. Will not see blanching in dark skin, but changes in skin tissue consistency (firm vs boggy when palpated), sensation (pain), and warmer or cooler temperature may differ from surrounding area Describe stage II pressure ulcer? partial-thickness wound where epidermis and tip of dermis is lost with red-pink wound bed w/out slough. may also present as intact or open/ruptured serum -filled blister Describe stage III pressure ulcer? full-thickness wound where both epidermis and dermis is lost and subcutaneous tissue may be visible, but deeper structures such as muscle, bone, and tendon are not exposed; slough my be present but it doesn't obscure depth and tunneling and undermining may be present Describe stage IV pressure ulcer?