SHS 230 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH FULL
SOLUTIONS, GUARANTEED A+,
UPDATED 2026
Memory in Babies
Early memory isn't "missing"; it simply operates differently than adult memory.
Researchers track infant memory through novelty preference and physiological
markers.
Hippocampal Activity: Studies show greater activity in the hippocampus
when babies view previously unseen (novel) photographs compared to
familiar ones.
Encoding: The capacity to encode individual memories—turning sensory
input into a stored "file"—comes online during infancy.
Looking Behavior: Around 1 year of age, babies begin to show "memory-
based looking behavior." They will stare longer at something that violates
their memory of how the world works, proving they have stored a mental
model of their environment.
Patient H.M. (Henry Molaison): A Scientific Turning Point
In 1953, a surgery intended to cure a medical condition inadvertently revealed how
the brain organizes different types of memory.
The Problem: H.M. suffered from severe, debilitating seizures that did not
respond to antiepileptic drugs.
The Surgery: At age 27, surgeon Dr. William Scoville performed an
experimental bilateral medial temporal lobectomy. He removed both
halves of the hippocampus and surrounding structures.
The Result: * Success: The seizure frequency was greatly reduced.
, o The Cost: H.M. suffered from profound anterograde amnesia. He
could no longer form new "declarative" memories (facts, names, or
events).
Scientific Breakthrough: Because H.M. could still learn new physical skills (like
mirror drawing) but couldn't remember learning them, scientists realized that
Procedural Memory (skills) and Declarative Memory (facts) are handled by
different parts of the brain
H.M.'s Brain -ANSWER✔✔- slight improvement in IQ
- personality is the same
- memories from before surgery were intact, but he couldn't form new memories
H.M. had extremely limited learning of declarative memories -ANSWER✔✔-
episodic: world events, his life events, facts
- semantic: no new words learned since his surgery
H.M. had an intact procedural memory -ANSWER✔✔could learn new skills
H.M. amnesia -ANSWER✔✔severe anterograde amnesia & moderate retrograde
amnesia
fmri for long-term memory -ANSWER✔✔- retrieval of youngest memories
activated hippocampus more
- retrieval of older memories activated hippocampus less & frontal cortex more
H.M. conclusions -ANSWER✔✔- H.M. suffered from severe anterograde amnesia
of declarative memories
- H.M. could make new procedural memories
AND ANSWERS WITH FULL
SOLUTIONS, GUARANTEED A+,
UPDATED 2026
Memory in Babies
Early memory isn't "missing"; it simply operates differently than adult memory.
Researchers track infant memory through novelty preference and physiological
markers.
Hippocampal Activity: Studies show greater activity in the hippocampus
when babies view previously unseen (novel) photographs compared to
familiar ones.
Encoding: The capacity to encode individual memories—turning sensory
input into a stored "file"—comes online during infancy.
Looking Behavior: Around 1 year of age, babies begin to show "memory-
based looking behavior." They will stare longer at something that violates
their memory of how the world works, proving they have stored a mental
model of their environment.
Patient H.M. (Henry Molaison): A Scientific Turning Point
In 1953, a surgery intended to cure a medical condition inadvertently revealed how
the brain organizes different types of memory.
The Problem: H.M. suffered from severe, debilitating seizures that did not
respond to antiepileptic drugs.
The Surgery: At age 27, surgeon Dr. William Scoville performed an
experimental bilateral medial temporal lobectomy. He removed both
halves of the hippocampus and surrounding structures.
The Result: * Success: The seizure frequency was greatly reduced.
, o The Cost: H.M. suffered from profound anterograde amnesia. He
could no longer form new "declarative" memories (facts, names, or
events).
Scientific Breakthrough: Because H.M. could still learn new physical skills (like
mirror drawing) but couldn't remember learning them, scientists realized that
Procedural Memory (skills) and Declarative Memory (facts) are handled by
different parts of the brain
H.M.'s Brain -ANSWER✔✔- slight improvement in IQ
- personality is the same
- memories from before surgery were intact, but he couldn't form new memories
H.M. had extremely limited learning of declarative memories -ANSWER✔✔-
episodic: world events, his life events, facts
- semantic: no new words learned since his surgery
H.M. had an intact procedural memory -ANSWER✔✔could learn new skills
H.M. amnesia -ANSWER✔✔severe anterograde amnesia & moderate retrograde
amnesia
fmri for long-term memory -ANSWER✔✔- retrieval of youngest memories
activated hippocampus more
- retrieval of older memories activated hippocampus less & frontal cortex more
H.M. conclusions -ANSWER✔✔- H.M. suffered from severe anterograde amnesia
of declarative memories
- H.M. could make new procedural memories
