BIO 210 LECTURE EXAM 2 QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
1. Describe the general function of both osteoblast and
osteoclast activity as it pertains to bone remodeling. Describe
how this relates to osteoporosis - correct answer-
Throughout our lifetime, bone cells called osteoclasts break
down the bone matrix and clear it out. Another type of bone cell
called osteoblasts form the new bone matrix. Osteoid is secreted
by osteoblasts for the purpose of forming bone tissue in the
process. This whole process is called bone remodeling.
As our bones age, the ability for cells to conduct bone
remodeling weakens. Extreme cases of this are called
osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease in which the strength
and framework of bone have decreased. This increases the risk
of a fracture.
2. Describe the process of bone fracture repair. Define "Salter
Harris fracture" and describe how this type of fracture may
affect bone growth in length - correct answer- The process of
bone fracture repair begins with fracture hematoma forms from
clotted blood. These blood vessels are torn within the
periosteum. Next, a fibrocartilaginous callus forms. Lastly, a hard
(bony) callus forms and the bone is remodeled.
,For the salter Harris fracture, it's a fracture that occurs at the
epiphyseal plate. If it occurs before the epiphyseal line, then it
can stunt growth to that bone resulting in a shorter bone than it
should be.
3. Describe the steps involved in endochondral ossification.
What is Legg-Calve- Perthes disease and how does it relate to
endochondral ossification? - correct answer- The first step of
endochondral ossification is the the fetal hyaline cartilage model
develops. Next, cartilage is calcified and a periosteal bone collar
forms around diaphysis. Thirdly, the primary ossification center,
which is the first major center of bone formation, forms in the
diaphysis. Then, secondary ossification centers form in the
epiphyses. Lastly, bone replaces cartilage, accept articular
cartilage and epiphyseal plates which ossify and form epiphyseal
lines.
For endochondral and Legg-Calve-Perthes, the disease is a
constriction of blood to the femoral head of the bone. This
related to endochondral ossification because a delay
endochondral ossification can lead to Legg-Calve-Perthes
disease.
Abduction Movement - correct answer- Moving a part away
from the midline (lifting the arm horizontally to form a right
angle with the side of the body).
,Absorption - correct answer- selectively permeable
Adduction Movement - correct answer- Moving a part
towards the midline (returning the arm from the horizontal
position to the side of the body).
Aging Effects on Joints - correct answer- Include decrease in
production of synvial fluid, reduction in thickness of articular
cartilage, and lose of ligament length/flexibility. Genetic factors
as well as wear and tear
Alopecia - correct answer- thinning of hair, usually result of
aging
Amphiarthrosis - correct answer- Is a slightly movable joint.
Example: bones of the backbone
Anthology - correct answer- scientific study of joints
Apocrine sweat glands - correct answer- discharge their
secretions into hair follicles, found in axillae, around nipples, in
pubic and anal region, produce odor when acted on by bacteria
, appositional growth - correct answer- bone growth in width,
occurs in the periosteum of bones
Appositional growth - correct answer- growth in width, on
the external outside edge of cartilage
Arthritis - correct answer- Is a form of rheumatism in which
the joints become inflamed.
Articular Capsule - correct answer- Surrounds a diarthrosis
(freely movable joint), encloses the synovial joint cavity and
unites the articulating bone. It is composed of two layers: outer
fibrous capsule (may contain accessory ligaments and articular
discs) and the inner synovial membrane which produces a
lubricating nourishing fluid to joints.
Articular Cartilage - correct answer- Covers the bone at
synovial joint or cavity. Reduces friction at the joints with
movement and helps absorb shock.
Articulations - correct answer- place of contact between
bones, bones to cartilage, or bones and teeth
CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS
1. Describe the general function of both osteoblast and
osteoclast activity as it pertains to bone remodeling. Describe
how this relates to osteoporosis - correct answer-
Throughout our lifetime, bone cells called osteoclasts break
down the bone matrix and clear it out. Another type of bone cell
called osteoblasts form the new bone matrix. Osteoid is secreted
by osteoblasts for the purpose of forming bone tissue in the
process. This whole process is called bone remodeling.
As our bones age, the ability for cells to conduct bone
remodeling weakens. Extreme cases of this are called
osteoporosis. Osteoporosis is a disease in which the strength
and framework of bone have decreased. This increases the risk
of a fracture.
2. Describe the process of bone fracture repair. Define "Salter
Harris fracture" and describe how this type of fracture may
affect bone growth in length - correct answer- The process of
bone fracture repair begins with fracture hematoma forms from
clotted blood. These blood vessels are torn within the
periosteum. Next, a fibrocartilaginous callus forms. Lastly, a hard
(bony) callus forms and the bone is remodeled.
,For the salter Harris fracture, it's a fracture that occurs at the
epiphyseal plate. If it occurs before the epiphyseal line, then it
can stunt growth to that bone resulting in a shorter bone than it
should be.
3. Describe the steps involved in endochondral ossification.
What is Legg-Calve- Perthes disease and how does it relate to
endochondral ossification? - correct answer- The first step of
endochondral ossification is the the fetal hyaline cartilage model
develops. Next, cartilage is calcified and a periosteal bone collar
forms around diaphysis. Thirdly, the primary ossification center,
which is the first major center of bone formation, forms in the
diaphysis. Then, secondary ossification centers form in the
epiphyses. Lastly, bone replaces cartilage, accept articular
cartilage and epiphyseal plates which ossify and form epiphyseal
lines.
For endochondral and Legg-Calve-Perthes, the disease is a
constriction of blood to the femoral head of the bone. This
related to endochondral ossification because a delay
endochondral ossification can lead to Legg-Calve-Perthes
disease.
Abduction Movement - correct answer- Moving a part away
from the midline (lifting the arm horizontally to form a right
angle with the side of the body).
,Absorption - correct answer- selectively permeable
Adduction Movement - correct answer- Moving a part
towards the midline (returning the arm from the horizontal
position to the side of the body).
Aging Effects on Joints - correct answer- Include decrease in
production of synvial fluid, reduction in thickness of articular
cartilage, and lose of ligament length/flexibility. Genetic factors
as well as wear and tear
Alopecia - correct answer- thinning of hair, usually result of
aging
Amphiarthrosis - correct answer- Is a slightly movable joint.
Example: bones of the backbone
Anthology - correct answer- scientific study of joints
Apocrine sweat glands - correct answer- discharge their
secretions into hair follicles, found in axillae, around nipples, in
pubic and anal region, produce odor when acted on by bacteria
, appositional growth - correct answer- bone growth in width,
occurs in the periosteum of bones
Appositional growth - correct answer- growth in width, on
the external outside edge of cartilage
Arthritis - correct answer- Is a form of rheumatism in which
the joints become inflamed.
Articular Capsule - correct answer- Surrounds a diarthrosis
(freely movable joint), encloses the synovial joint cavity and
unites the articulating bone. It is composed of two layers: outer
fibrous capsule (may contain accessory ligaments and articular
discs) and the inner synovial membrane which produces a
lubricating nourishing fluid to joints.
Articular Cartilage - correct answer- Covers the bone at
synovial joint or cavity. Reduces friction at the joints with
movement and helps absorb shock.
Articulations - correct answer- place of contact between
bones, bones to cartilage, or bones and teeth
