AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS|LATEST
Anatomy - ANSWER Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to
one another.
Physiology - ANSWER Concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the
body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities. Often focuses on cellular and
molecular level.
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy - ANSWER Study of large body structures visible to
naked eye (ex: heart, lungs, kidneys).
Regional Anatomy - ANSWER All structures in a particular region of the body, ex:
abdomen, leg
Systemic Antomy - ANSWER Body structure is studied system by system, ex:
cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and blood vessels of the entire body.
Microscopic Anatomy - ANSWER Deals with structures too small to be seen with the
naked eye.
Cytology - ANSWER Studies cells of the body.
Histology - ANSWER Studies microscopic tissues of the body.
1
,Developmental Anatomy - ANSWER Traces structural changes that occur throughout
the life span.
Embryology - ANSWER Subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns
developmental changes that occur before birth.
Principle of complementarity of structure and function - ANSWER Anatomy and
physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure. What a structure can
do depends on its specific form.
Levels of structural organization - ANSWER -chemical
-cellular
-tissue
-organ
-organ system
-organismal
Chemical Level - ANSWER Simplest level of structural hierarchy. Atoms, tiny building
blocks of matter, combine to form molecules. Molecules combine to form organelles, basic
components of the microscopic cells.
Cellular Level - ANSWER Cells are the smallest units of living things. All cells have
some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape. Cells are made
up of molecules.
Tissue Level - ANSWER The simplest living creatures are single cells, but in complex
organisms such as human beings, the hierarchy continues on to the tissue level. Tissues
consist of similar types of cells.
2
,Four basic tissue types - ANSWER -epithelium (covers body surface and protects
organs)
-muscle (provides movement)
-connective (supports and protects organs)
-nervous (provides rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses)
Organ Level - ANSWER Extremely complex functions become possible at this level.
Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Ex: stomach produce digestive juices to
churn and mix food.
Organ System Level - ANSWER Organs work together to accomplish a common
purpose. Ex: heart and blood vessels circulate blood to carry oxygen and nutrients to all
body cells.
Organismal Level - ANSWER Highest level of organization, represents the sum total
of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
necessary life functions - ANSWER Maintain boundaries, movement,
responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduction, growth
maintain boundaries - ANSWER internal environment remains distinct from the
external environment
Movement - ANSWER contractility (ability to move by shortening)
move body parts or substances though body
Responsiveness or excitability - ANSWER The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the
environment and then respond to them.
3
, Which system is most involved with responsiveness? - ANSWER Because nerve cells
are highly excitable and communicate rapidly with each other, the nervous system is most
involved with responsiveness. All body cells are excitable to some extent.
Digestion - ANSWER Breaking down of ingested food stuffs to simple molecules that
can be absorbed into the blood.
Metabolism - ANSWER Broad term includes all chemical reactions that occur within
body cells.
excretion - ANSWER Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
Ex: urea, carbon dioxide, feces
reproduction - ANSWER Cellular division for growth or repair
Production of offspring
growth - ANSWER Increase in size of a body part or of organism
hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size
hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells
integumentary system - ANSWER Protects the body as a whole from the external
environment. Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and
oil glands.
urinary system - ANSWER Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions from the
body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.
4
Anatomy - ANSWER Studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to
one another.
Physiology - ANSWER Concerns the function of the body, in other words, how the
body parts work and carry out their life sustaining activities. Often focuses on cellular and
molecular level.
Gross or Macroscopic Anatomy - ANSWER Study of large body structures visible to
naked eye (ex: heart, lungs, kidneys).
Regional Anatomy - ANSWER All structures in a particular region of the body, ex:
abdomen, leg
Systemic Antomy - ANSWER Body structure is studied system by system, ex:
cardiovascular system, you would examine the heart and blood vessels of the entire body.
Microscopic Anatomy - ANSWER Deals with structures too small to be seen with the
naked eye.
Cytology - ANSWER Studies cells of the body.
Histology - ANSWER Studies microscopic tissues of the body.
1
,Developmental Anatomy - ANSWER Traces structural changes that occur throughout
the life span.
Embryology - ANSWER Subdivision of developmental anatomy, concerns
developmental changes that occur before birth.
Principle of complementarity of structure and function - ANSWER Anatomy and
physiology are inseparable because function always reflects structure. What a structure can
do depends on its specific form.
Levels of structural organization - ANSWER -chemical
-cellular
-tissue
-organ
-organ system
-organismal
Chemical Level - ANSWER Simplest level of structural hierarchy. Atoms, tiny building
blocks of matter, combine to form molecules. Molecules combine to form organelles, basic
components of the microscopic cells.
Cellular Level - ANSWER Cells are the smallest units of living things. All cells have
some common functions, but individual cells vary widely in size and shape. Cells are made
up of molecules.
Tissue Level - ANSWER The simplest living creatures are single cells, but in complex
organisms such as human beings, the hierarchy continues on to the tissue level. Tissues
consist of similar types of cells.
2
,Four basic tissue types - ANSWER -epithelium (covers body surface and protects
organs)
-muscle (provides movement)
-connective (supports and protects organs)
-nervous (provides rapid internal communication by transmitting electrical impulses)
Organ Level - ANSWER Extremely complex functions become possible at this level.
Organs are made up of different types of tissues. Ex: stomach produce digestive juices to
churn and mix food.
Organ System Level - ANSWER Organs work together to accomplish a common
purpose. Ex: heart and blood vessels circulate blood to carry oxygen and nutrients to all
body cells.
Organismal Level - ANSWER Highest level of organization, represents the sum total
of all structural levels working together to keep us alive.
necessary life functions - ANSWER Maintain boundaries, movement,
responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, dispose of wastes, reproduction, growth
maintain boundaries - ANSWER internal environment remains distinct from the
external environment
Movement - ANSWER contractility (ability to move by shortening)
move body parts or substances though body
Responsiveness or excitability - ANSWER The ability to sense changes (stimuli) in the
environment and then respond to them.
3
, Which system is most involved with responsiveness? - ANSWER Because nerve cells
are highly excitable and communicate rapidly with each other, the nervous system is most
involved with responsiveness. All body cells are excitable to some extent.
Digestion - ANSWER Breaking down of ingested food stuffs to simple molecules that
can be absorbed into the blood.
Metabolism - ANSWER Broad term includes all chemical reactions that occur within
body cells.
excretion - ANSWER Removal of wastes from metabolism and digestion
Ex: urea, carbon dioxide, feces
reproduction - ANSWER Cellular division for growth or repair
Production of offspring
growth - ANSWER Increase in size of a body part or of organism
hypertrophy - ANSWER increase in cell size
hyperplasia - ANSWER increase in number of cells
integumentary system - ANSWER Protects the body as a whole from the external
environment. Forms the external body covering, and protects deeper tissues from injury.
Synthesizes vitamin D, and houses cutaneous (pain, pressure, etc) receptors and sweat and
oil glands.
urinary system - ANSWER Eliminates nitrogenous wastes and excess ions from the
body. Regulates water, electrolyte and acid base balance of the blood.
4
