EXAM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT DETAILED
ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES 2026-2027 ALREADY
GRADED A+
Carbohydratesn -n (correctn answer)n -Carbsn shouldn maken upn 45-65%n ofn calories.
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Functionn inn body:n energy,n regulaten fat/proteinn metabolism,n andn aren importantn forn cardiacn
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andn CNSn functioning.
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Carbsn providen 4n calories/gramn ofn energy.
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Glycogenn -n (correctn answer)n - jl jl jl jl
storedn carbohydraten energyn inn then livern andn muscles,n releasedn inn betweenn mealsn ton main
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tainn bloodn glucosen levels.
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Recommendedn fibern intaken -n (correctn answer)n -25g/dayn forn womenn jl jl jl jl jl jl jl jl jl
38g/dayn forn men jl jl
Proteinn -n (correctn answer)n -Proteinn shouldn maken upn 10-35%n ofn caloriesn (0.8g/kg)
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Function:n supportsn tissuen building,n metabolism,n immunen function,n maintainn nitrogenn bala
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nce.n Importantn forn woundn healing!
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Providen 9n calories/gramn ofn energy
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Completen proteins:n -n (correctn answer)n - jl jl jl jl jl
Containn sufficientn amountsn ofn 9n essentialn aminon acidsn (animaln sourcesn andn soy)
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incompleten proteinsn -n (correctn answer)n - jl jl jl jl jl
(Plantn sources)n cann ben combinedn ton maken an completen protein
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Examplesn ofn PEMn -n (correctn answer)n -Kwashiorkor,n Marasmus
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Lipds/Fatsn -n (correctn answer)n -Shouldn maken upn 20-
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35%n ofn caloriesn (lessn thann 10%n shouldn comen fromn saturatedn fat,n withn an goaln ofn lessn thann
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7%)
,Functionsn inn body:n storedn energyn forn then body,n providesn paddingn andn insulation.n Importa
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ntn forn hormonen productionn andn absorptionn ofn fatn solublen vitamins.n
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Fatsn providen 9n calories/gramn ofn energy
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Cholesteroln -n (correctn answer)n -shouldn ben limitedn ton 200-300mg/day
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Identifyn watern solublen vsn fatn solublen vitaminsn -n (correctn answer)n -
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Watern soluble:n Vitaminn C,n B-
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complexn (Thiaminn B1,n Riboflavinn B2,n Niacinn B3,n Pyridoxinen B6,n Pantothenicn acid,n Biotin,n F
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olate,n Cobalaminn B12) jl jl
Fatn Soluble:n Vitaminn A,n D,n E,n K.
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Fatn solublen vitaminsn haven an riskn ofn toxicityn sincen theyn aren storedn inn then bodyn forn an longn t
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ime.
Conditionsn thatn impairn absorptionn ofn fatn solublen vitaminsn -n (correctn answer)n -
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Cysticn fibrosis,n Celiacn disease,n Crohn'sn Disease.
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Vitaminn Cn -n (correctn answer)n -Function:n tissuen building,n metabolism,n IRONn ABSORPTION.
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Foods:n citrusn fruits.juices,n tomatoes,n greenn leafyn vegetables,n peppers.
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Increasen duringn timesn ofn stress/illness jl jl jl jl
Smokersn needn more. jl jl
Deficiencyn ofn Vitaminn Cn -n (correctn answer)n -Scurvyn - jl jl jl jl jl jl jl jl
n S/Sn bleeding,n jointn pain,n swollenn gums,
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B-Complexn -n (correctn answer)n -Function:n metabolism,n energy,n NERVEn FUNCTIONING.
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Foods:n meats,n milk,n enrichedn grains,n wholen grains,n legumes,n greenn leafyn vegetables.
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B-Complexn deficienciesn -n (correctn answer)n -Deficiencyn ofn Thiaminn -
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n BERIBERI,n commonn inn thosen withn alcoholn usen disorder.
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Riboflavinn -n cheilosisn (crackingn atn then cornern ofn then mouth,n glossitis.)
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Folate:n cann resultn inn NEURALn TUBEn DEFECTSn inn utero.
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Cobalamin:n PERNICIOUSn ANEMIA.n Affectsn strictn vegansn andn thosen lackingn intrinsicn factorn (
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needn forn absorptionn ofn b12)
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, Vitaminn An -n (correctn answer)n -
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Function:n VISIONn HEALTHLn skeletaln andn softn tissuen development/strength.
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Foods:n orange/yellown fruitsn andn veggies,n fattyn fish,n eggs,n liver,n dairyn products.
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Vitaminn An deficiencyn -n (correctn answer)n -
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visionn issues,n xerophthalmian (dry/thickenedn conjunctivan andn cornea)
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Vitaminn Dn -n (correctn answer)n -
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Function:n helpsn withn ABSORPTIONn OFn CALCIUMn andn phosphorus,n bonen mineralization.
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Foods/sources:n Sunlight,n fortifiedn milk,n fattyn fish,n eggs. jl jl jl jl jl jl
Vitaminn Dn deficienciesn -n (correctn answer)n -Rickets,n bonen loss
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Vitaminn En -n (correctn answer)n -Function:n Antioxidantn (protectsn cellsn fromn damage)
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Foods:n fatn containingn foods;n vegetablen oil,n nuts.n Darkn greenn vegetables,n wholen grains.
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Vitaminn En deficiencyn -n (correctn answer)n -Rare:n musclen pain/weakness,n poorn balance
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Vitaminn Kn -n (correctn answer)n -Function:n BLOODn CLOTTING,n bonen maintenance.
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Foods:n darkn greenn vegetables,n carrots,n eggs.
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VITAMINn Kn ISn ANTIDOTEn FORn WARFARIN!
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Vitaminn Kn deficienciesn -n (correctn answer)n -INCREASEDn BLEEDINGn TIME
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Sodiumn (Na)n -n (correctn answer)n -136-145n mEq/L
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Function:n maintainsn fluidn balancen inn body,n nerven andn musclen function.
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Foods:n salt,n processedn foods.
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Hypernatremian -n (correctn answer)n -Sodium:n jl jl jl jl jl
hypervolemian (fluidn overload),n hypertension jl jl jl
Hyponatremian -n (correctn answer)n -Sodium: jl jl jl jl
CONFUSIONn (commonn inn then elderly!),n musclen cramping,n fatigue,n n/v,n headache
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Potassiumn (K)n -n (correctn answer)n -3.5-5.0n mEq/L
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Functions:n maintainsn ICF,n nerven function,n regulatesn musclen andn heartn contractions.
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