WGU D236 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 238
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025/2026
T cells produce cytokines which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies -
CORRECT ANSWER Body response to infection
fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias - CORRECT ANSWER
Factors that disrupt homeostasis and how they affect wellbeing
1. reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
2. produce angiotensin I
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
3. vasoconstriction
4. release aldosterone
5. kidneys conserve sodium and water
6. result less water lost in urine and BP maintained - CORRECT ANSWER RAAS
7.35-7.45 - CORRECT ANSWER normal blood pH
CO2 combines with H2O which converts to HCO3 and H+ - CORRECT ANSWER
Maintain acid-base balance
High H+ concentration - CORRECT ANSWER Acidic (low pH)
,low H+ concentration - CORRECT ANSWER Alkaline (high pH)
H+ concentration
more CO2= more H+
less CO2= less H+ - CORRECT ANSWER CO2 directly relates to what?
Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal - CORRECT ANSWER ROME
apparent different between abundances of cations (K+ and Ca+) and anions (Cl-
and HCO3-) - CORRECT ANSWER Anion Gap
Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Renal Failure
Overdose ASA - CORRECT ANSWER Bigger anion gap
increased H+ absorbs excess HCO3-
leaves less HCO3- in blood stream
creates bigger anion gap
equals metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER what causes larger anion gap?
COPD
Infection
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER Respiratory Acidosis (CO2 retention= decreased pH)
,Hyperventilation - CORRECT ANSWER Respiratory Alkalosis (CO2 expulsion=
increased pH)
DKA - CORRECT ANSWER Metabolic acidosis
Retention of sodium bicarbonate
prolonged vomiting - CORRECT ANSWER Metabolic alkalosis
Increased CO2= Acidosis (low pH)
Kidneys excrete H+ (an acid) and conserve HCO3- (a base) - CORRECT ANSWER
Increased CO2 due to pulmonary edema. What helps body compensate for
increased CO2?
Tendons are pulled, small blood vessels tear and nerve endings are irritated -
CORRECT ANSWER Strains
Ligament is stretched and over extended - CORRECT ANSWER Sprains
mild swelling, no joint instability, fully/partially able to bear weight - CORRECT
ANSWER Grade 1 ankle sprain
moderate to severe swelling, bruising, moderate functional loss, mild to moderate
joint instability, difficult to bear weight - CORRECT ANSWER Grade 2 ankle sprain
, rupture of ligament. severe swelling, bruising/discoloration, complete inability to
bear weight, moderate to severe joint instability - CORRECT ANSWER Grade 3
ankle sprain
larger than 6mm, black or brown in color, irregular shape, flat - CORRECT ANSWER
Melanoma
Commonly on face. shiny, translucent or pearly domes with telangiectasias -
CORRECT ANSWER basal cell carcinoma
Red lesion, red-scaly crust, non-healing ulcer, or firm nodule - CORRECT ANSWER
Squamous cell carcinoma
Severe sunburn
Painful
from hot liquid splash or brief flash burn
dry skin, no blisters, vasodilation causes swelling and redness - CORRECT ANSWER
Superficial burns (1st degree)
Charred epidermis and papillary dermal layer
swelling and blisters present
Wet, raw, pink or red and blanchable skin
Painful
from hot liquid scalding or direct contact with chemicals, flash, or open flame -
CORRECT ANSWER Superficial partial-thickness (2nd degree)
QUESTIONS WITH VERIFIED ANSWERS 2025/2026
T cells produce cytokines which stimulate B cells. B cells produce antibodies -
CORRECT ANSWER Body response to infection
fluid and electrolyte shifts can cause n/v or dysrhythmias - CORRECT ANSWER
Factors that disrupt homeostasis and how they affect wellbeing
1. reduce blood flow causes kidneys to release renin
2. produce angiotensin I
converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
3. vasoconstriction
4. release aldosterone
5. kidneys conserve sodium and water
6. result less water lost in urine and BP maintained - CORRECT ANSWER RAAS
7.35-7.45 - CORRECT ANSWER normal blood pH
CO2 combines with H2O which converts to HCO3 and H+ - CORRECT ANSWER
Maintain acid-base balance
High H+ concentration - CORRECT ANSWER Acidic (low pH)
,low H+ concentration - CORRECT ANSWER Alkaline (high pH)
H+ concentration
more CO2= more H+
less CO2= less H+ - CORRECT ANSWER CO2 directly relates to what?
Respiratory Opposite Metabolic Equal - CORRECT ANSWER ROME
apparent different between abundances of cations (K+ and Ca+) and anions (Cl-
and HCO3-) - CORRECT ANSWER Anion Gap
Lactic acidosis
Ketoacidosis
Renal Failure
Overdose ASA - CORRECT ANSWER Bigger anion gap
increased H+ absorbs excess HCO3-
leaves less HCO3- in blood stream
creates bigger anion gap
equals metabolic acidosis - CORRECT ANSWER what causes larger anion gap?
COPD
Infection
Asthma - CORRECT ANSWER Respiratory Acidosis (CO2 retention= decreased pH)
,Hyperventilation - CORRECT ANSWER Respiratory Alkalosis (CO2 expulsion=
increased pH)
DKA - CORRECT ANSWER Metabolic acidosis
Retention of sodium bicarbonate
prolonged vomiting - CORRECT ANSWER Metabolic alkalosis
Increased CO2= Acidosis (low pH)
Kidneys excrete H+ (an acid) and conserve HCO3- (a base) - CORRECT ANSWER
Increased CO2 due to pulmonary edema. What helps body compensate for
increased CO2?
Tendons are pulled, small blood vessels tear and nerve endings are irritated -
CORRECT ANSWER Strains
Ligament is stretched and over extended - CORRECT ANSWER Sprains
mild swelling, no joint instability, fully/partially able to bear weight - CORRECT
ANSWER Grade 1 ankle sprain
moderate to severe swelling, bruising, moderate functional loss, mild to moderate
joint instability, difficult to bear weight - CORRECT ANSWER Grade 2 ankle sprain
, rupture of ligament. severe swelling, bruising/discoloration, complete inability to
bear weight, moderate to severe joint instability - CORRECT ANSWER Grade 3
ankle sprain
larger than 6mm, black or brown in color, irregular shape, flat - CORRECT ANSWER
Melanoma
Commonly on face. shiny, translucent or pearly domes with telangiectasias -
CORRECT ANSWER basal cell carcinoma
Red lesion, red-scaly crust, non-healing ulcer, or firm nodule - CORRECT ANSWER
Squamous cell carcinoma
Severe sunburn
Painful
from hot liquid splash or brief flash burn
dry skin, no blisters, vasodilation causes swelling and redness - CORRECT ANSWER
Superficial burns (1st degree)
Charred epidermis and papillary dermal layer
swelling and blisters present
Wet, raw, pink or red and blanchable skin
Painful
from hot liquid scalding or direct contact with chemicals, flash, or open flame -
CORRECT ANSWER Superficial partial-thickness (2nd degree)
