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Summary OCR AS Biology A – Foundations in Biology (Module 2) | Clear Revision Notes

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These OCR AS Biology A – Foundations in Biology (Module 2) revision notes are designed to help AS Level students understand key concepts quickly and revise efficiently for exams. The notes are clear, concise, and exam-focused, covering all essential topics from Module 2, explained in simple language with important biological keywords highlighted.

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December 27, 2025
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OCR AS Biology A – Foundations in
Biology (Module 2)

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2.1 Cell Structure
Cell Theory

All living organisms are made of cells

Cells are the basic unit of life

New cells arise from pre‑existing cells




Prokaryotic Cells (Bacteria)
No nucleus (DNA is circular and free in cytoplasm)

Cell wall made of peptidoglycan (murein)

Ribosomes: 70S (smaller)

May contain plasmids

No membrane‑bound organelles




Eukaryotic Cells
Contain membrane‑bound organelles and a true nucleus.

, Nucleus
Contains DNA as chromosomes

Controls cell activities




Mitochondria
Site of aerobic respiration

Inner membrane folded into cristae




Ribosomes
Site of protein synthesis

80S in eukaryotes




Endoplasmic Reticulum
RER: protein synthesis (ribosomes attached)

SER: lipid synthesis




Golgi Apparatus
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