PSY 121 MSU Hudson - Final Study
Guide questions and answers graded
A+
Psychodynamic Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology influenced by Sigmund Freud that
views human behaviors as being motivated by internal factors (ex. experiences, desires,
relationships, etc.) unavailable to the conscious mind
Behavioral Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson that views
observable, measurable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and
emphasizes the key role of environment as a determinant of behavior
Humanistic Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of
human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health
Cognitive Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology that views humans as active participants
in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, decision
making, perception, language, and other forms of cognition
Biological Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology that looks for links between specific
behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences
Evolutionary Approach - ANS ✔the school psychology that studies how humans have adapted
the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course
of evolution
Sociocultural Perspective - ANS ✔the view that social and cultural factors may be just as
powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing
and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior or others
,+/- 1 - ANS ✔The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The strength
of the relationship between two variables is signified by how close the coefficient is to the
absolute value of what number?
Positive Correlation - ANS ✔A relationship between two variables signifying that as one variable
increases, the other variable also increases.
Negative Correlation - ANS ✔A relationship between two variables signifying that as one
variable increases, the other variable decreases.
False - ANS ✔T/F: Correlation equals causation
Experiment - ANS ✔The only type of research that allows us to infer causation is a(n)....
Experimental Group - ANS ✔A group of participants in an experiment who receive the variable
being tested.
Control Group - ANS ✔A group of participants in an experiment who are either given no
treatment or who are given treatment that should have no effect.
Independent Variable - ANS ✔A variable that a researcher manipulates or changes in an
experiment.
Dependent Variable - ANS ✔The variable that is being measured in an experiment to determine
the impact of changes in the independent variable.
Confounding Variable - ANS ✔A variable other than the independent variable that could have an
impact on the dependent variable.
,Single-Blind Experiments - ANS ✔Experiment in which research participants do not know
whether they have been assigned to the experimental or control group.
Double-Blind Experiments - ANS ✔Experiment in which neither the participants nor the
experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.
Placebo Effect - ANS ✔Participants taking a placebo react as if they were receiving treatment
simply because they believe they are actually receiving treatment.
Reactivity - ANS ✔A phenomenon that occurs in situations where a research participant's
behavior is different than normal because the participant is being observed.
Observer Bias - ANS ✔A situation in which an observer expects to see a particular behavior and
notices only actions that support that expectation.
Researchers prevent this by using blind observers who do not know what the research is about
Random Sampling - ANS ✔A technique in which the participants in a study are chosen randomly
in an attempt to get an accurate representation of the population
Researchers do this by drawing a representative (a sample that has demographics and
characteristics that match those of the population as a whole)
Random Assignment - ANS ✔The process by which participants in an experiment are randomly
placed into experimental groups or control groups.
Naturalistic Observation - ANS ✔The study of people or animals in their own environment.
, Laboratory Study - ANS ✔A study conducted in a location specifically set up to facilitate
collection of data and allow control over environmental conditions.
Case Study - ANS ✔An in-depth study of one individual or a few individuals.
Survey - ANS ✔A series of questions about people's behavior or opinions in the form of a
questionnaire or interview
Steps of the Scientific Method - ANS ✔What are these?
1. Identify the Problem
2. Conduct Background Research
3. Formulate a Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Analyze Your Results
6. Report Your Result
Ethical Considerations in Research - ANS ✔What are these?
Obtain Informed Consent
Minimize Harm to Participants
Avoid Deception When Possible
Provide Voluntary Withdrawal From Research
Protect Confidentiality of the Participants
Compliance - ANS ✔A change in a person's behavior that occurs in response to a direct request
Guide questions and answers graded
A+
Psychodynamic Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology influenced by Sigmund Freud that
views human behaviors as being motivated by internal factors (ex. experiences, desires,
relationships, etc.) unavailable to the conscious mind
Behavioral Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology founded by John B. Watson that views
observable, measurable behavior as the appropriate subject matter for psychology and
emphasizes the key role of environment as a determinant of behavior
Humanistic Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology that focuses on the uniqueness of
human beings and their capacity for choice, growth, and psychological health
Cognitive Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology that views humans as active participants
in their environment; studies mental processes such as memory, problem solving, decision
making, perception, language, and other forms of cognition
Biological Approach - ANS ✔the school of psychology that looks for links between specific
behaviors and equally specific biological processes that often help explain individual differences
Evolutionary Approach - ANS ✔the school psychology that studies how humans have adapted
the behaviors required for survival in the face of environmental pressures over the long course
of evolution
Sociocultural Perspective - ANS ✔the view that social and cultural factors may be just as
powerful as evolutionary and physiological factors in affecting behavior and mental processing
and that these factors must be understood when interpreting the behavior or others
,+/- 1 - ANS ✔The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables. The strength
of the relationship between two variables is signified by how close the coefficient is to the
absolute value of what number?
Positive Correlation - ANS ✔A relationship between two variables signifying that as one variable
increases, the other variable also increases.
Negative Correlation - ANS ✔A relationship between two variables signifying that as one
variable increases, the other variable decreases.
False - ANS ✔T/F: Correlation equals causation
Experiment - ANS ✔The only type of research that allows us to infer causation is a(n)....
Experimental Group - ANS ✔A group of participants in an experiment who receive the variable
being tested.
Control Group - ANS ✔A group of participants in an experiment who are either given no
treatment or who are given treatment that should have no effect.
Independent Variable - ANS ✔A variable that a researcher manipulates or changes in an
experiment.
Dependent Variable - ANS ✔The variable that is being measured in an experiment to determine
the impact of changes in the independent variable.
Confounding Variable - ANS ✔A variable other than the independent variable that could have an
impact on the dependent variable.
,Single-Blind Experiments - ANS ✔Experiment in which research participants do not know
whether they have been assigned to the experimental or control group.
Double-Blind Experiments - ANS ✔Experiment in which neither the participants nor the
experimenters know who is receiving a particular treatment.
Placebo Effect - ANS ✔Participants taking a placebo react as if they were receiving treatment
simply because they believe they are actually receiving treatment.
Reactivity - ANS ✔A phenomenon that occurs in situations where a research participant's
behavior is different than normal because the participant is being observed.
Observer Bias - ANS ✔A situation in which an observer expects to see a particular behavior and
notices only actions that support that expectation.
Researchers prevent this by using blind observers who do not know what the research is about
Random Sampling - ANS ✔A technique in which the participants in a study are chosen randomly
in an attempt to get an accurate representation of the population
Researchers do this by drawing a representative (a sample that has demographics and
characteristics that match those of the population as a whole)
Random Assignment - ANS ✔The process by which participants in an experiment are randomly
placed into experimental groups or control groups.
Naturalistic Observation - ANS ✔The study of people or animals in their own environment.
, Laboratory Study - ANS ✔A study conducted in a location specifically set up to facilitate
collection of data and allow control over environmental conditions.
Case Study - ANS ✔An in-depth study of one individual or a few individuals.
Survey - ANS ✔A series of questions about people's behavior or opinions in the form of a
questionnaire or interview
Steps of the Scientific Method - ANS ✔What are these?
1. Identify the Problem
2. Conduct Background Research
3. Formulate a Hypothesis
4. Test the Hypothesis
5. Analyze Your Results
6. Report Your Result
Ethical Considerations in Research - ANS ✔What are these?
Obtain Informed Consent
Minimize Harm to Participants
Avoid Deception When Possible
Provide Voluntary Withdrawal From Research
Protect Confidentiality of the Participants
Compliance - ANS ✔A change in a person's behavior that occurs in response to a direct request
