EPPP Practice Exam with correct answers 2024.

J. Berry acculturation, integration - correct answerJ. Barry conceptualizes acculturation as many models existing on a continuum, with the minority culture and the majority or mainstream culture at opposite poles. Integration would be displayed by an individual who has high retention of the minority culture and high maintenance of the mainstream culture. Lenore Walker cycle of violence, battered women - correct answerLenore Walker describes a cycle of violence that involves three stags: tension building, acute battering incident, and loving contrition. According to Walker, most of the benefits of the relationship occur in the third stage, when the batterer offers apologies, assurances that the attacks will never happen again, and declarations of love. The relationship tends to remain stable when the balance between the costs of the abuse and the benefits of the relationship are fairly similar. As violence escalates, the relationship becomes more unstable, and the man escalates his charming behavior in an attempt to restore stability. behavioral contrast effect - correct answerIf we are reinforced for performing two different operants, and reinforcement for one of these behaviors stops, we tend to increase the rate of the remaining reinforced behavior. That is probably because the reinforcement that remains seems to become more valuable. doctrine of comparable worth - correct answerStates that workers (in particular, men and women) should get equal pay for performing jobs that have equivalent worth (use job evaluation) M. Seligman theory of learned optimism - correct answerIn Seligman's theory of learned optimism, attributions of optimistic people are believed to be the opposite of attributions of depressed people. Since depressed people make internal, stable, and global attributions to negative events, optimistic people would tend to make external, unstable, and specific attributions in response to negative events. Therefore, we can readily eliminate "B" ("I didn't study enough") since that's an internal attribution. Choice "C" ("the teacher is always a tough grader") is a stable attribution. That leaves Choices "A" ("I was unlucky") and Choice "D" ("the test was hard this time") - which are both external and unstable attributions. Of the two, however, Choice "D" is better since being unlucky would imply that success is a matter of luck. Course of Antisocial Personality Disorder - correct answerThe symptoms of Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD), particularly criminal behaviors, often become less evident as an individual grows older (DSM-TR-IV, p. 704). APD has a chronic course and while some symptoms like criminal behaviors may decrease, other symptoms such as difficulties with interpersonal relationships may persist. (See: Paris, J. (2004). Personality disorders over time: Implications for therapy, American Journal of Psychotherapy, 58(4), 420-429.) Group polarization - correct answerA group's decisions tend to be more extreme (in one direction or the other) than those that would be made by individuals in the group acting alone. This phenomenon is referred to as group polarization. One explanation for group polarization is that group members are more willing to support extreme decisions because, as group members, they won't have to take as much personal responsibility for their decisions as they would if they were acting alone. Solomon's four group design - correct answera true experimental design used to evaluate the effects of pretesting, since some groups are pretested and others are not. MANOVA - correct answerA MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance) is used to analyze the effects of one or more independent variables on two or more dependent variables that are each measured on an interval or ratio scale. factorial ANOVA - correct answerA factorial ANOVA (a.) is used to analyze data when a factorial design, which includes two or more independent variables, is used and the dependent variable is measured on an interval or ratio scale. Factorial designs also allow for the assessment of both main effects (the effects of each independent variable considered individually) and interaction effects (the effects of each variable at the different levels of the other variable). The study described in this question has two "significant main effects" for the independent variables: type of reading program and past level of reading comprehension. And a "significant interaction effect" means that the effects of the different reading programs varied significantly for students at different reading levels. For example, "Reading Program A" may have been highly effective for above average students, moderately effective for average students, yet ineffective for below average students. On the other hand, "Reading Program B" may have been only effective for below average students, while "Reading Program C" may not have been effective for any students. One-Way ANOVA - correct answerA one-way ANOVA (c.) is used when a study has one independent variable and more than two independent groups. Split-Plot (mixed) ANOVA - correct answerThe split-plot (mixed) ANOVA (d.) is the appropriate technique when at least one independent variable is a between-groups variable and another independent variable is a within-subjects variable. experiment wise error rate - correct answeralpha (chance of Type I error) for all analyses done on a data set capitation - correct answerA common method of reimbursement used primarily by health maintenance organizations in which the provider or medical facility is paid a fixed, per capita amount for each individual enrolled in the plan, regardless of how many or few services the patient uses. time-series quasi-experimental design - correct answer-Used when only ONE group is available to study over a longer period of time -Useful for determining trends over time -Data are collected multiple times before the introduction of the treatment ot establish a baseline point of reference on outcomes. -The experimental treatment is introduced and data are collected multiple times afterward to determine a change from baseline. -The broad range and number of data-collection points helps rule out alternative explanations, such as history effects. -Potential threats to Internal validity: Testing--b/c of multiple data-collection points, maturation and selection--b/c lack of control group Transvestic fetishism - correct answerheterosexual male has recurrent intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors involving cross dressing. Exhibitionism - correct answerexposing of one's genitals to an unsuspecting stranger Gender Identity Disorder - correct answerstrong and persistent cross-gender identification with evidence of clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational, or other areas of functioning. cognitive dissonance - correct answerThe theory that we act to reduce the discomfort we feel when two of our thoughts are inconsistent. For example, when our awareness of our attitudes and our actions clash, we can reduce the resulting dissonance by changing our attitudes. A person is motivated to reduce the negative, aversive state that results when his or her cognitions conflict with each other. From the perspective of this theory, the poor client paying a very high fee would experience a state of dissonance. Therefore, this client, more than those in the other responses, would be motivated to believe that he or she is benefitting from therapy. Sleep patterns of persons with/at-risk of depression - correct answerResearch has found that depression is most associated with a more rapid onset of REM sleep, decreased percentage of slow wave sleep, and increased percentage of REM sleep. The research also suggests that individuals with no prior history of depression but who have rapid REM onset have an increased risk of developing depression (e.g., D. Giles, D. Kupfer, A. Rush, & H. Roffwarg, Controlled comparison of electrophysiological sleep in families of probands with unipolar depression. American Journal of Psychiatry, 1998, 155(2), 192-199). blocking - correct answerBlocking occurs when a CS is presented simultaneously with a second stimulus just before the US. Although it would seem that the second stimulus should acquire the properties of a CS from this procedure, that's not what happens. Instead, the second stimulus does not produce a conditioned response. Alderian - correct answerFor Adlerians, a desire to belong is a primary motivator of behavior, but this desire may be channeled into the mistaken goals of power, attention, inadequacy, or revenge., Feelings of inferiority contribute to problems in children and adults Teological approach-behavior is shaped by future goals (NOT the past) Innate social interest motivates people, ways to fulfill social responsibility Key Concepts: Inferiority feelings Striving for superiority Style of Life Social Interest Inferiority feeling develop during childhood while striving for superiority. Ways a person tries to compensate for inferiority and achieve superiority determines one's style of life Personality is determined by age 46 Three major life tasks could be: o Love o Friendship o Occupation focus on prevention central limit theorem - correct answerthe shape of a sampling distribution of means approaches normality as sample size increases extinction - correct answerelimination or reduction in the frequency of a response achieved by the removal of the reinforcement maintaining the response. The extinction of temper tantrums would entail ignoring the child's behavior or not reinforcing it with attention. This technique has been found to be effective for reducing temper tantrums. thinning - correct answerContinuous schedules, or reinforcing every response, are associated with quick learning, satiation and extinction. The process of thinning, or switching from a continuous to an intermittent schedule, is used to increase the resistance to extinction once a behavior is established. Minuchin's family therpary - correct answerSalvador Minuchin's Structural Family Therapy is based on and extends general family systems theory. The goal is to restructure maladaptive family structures, including family subsystems and boundaries. Paresis - correct answerThe term "paresis" means partial paralysis. Paresis can occur as a result of an injury to the spinal cord that does not result in its severation. Paraplegia - correct answerIf the spinal cord is severed, the result could be paraplegia (paralysis of the lower limbs) Quadriplegia - correct answer(paralysis of all four limbs), hemiplegia - correct answer(paralysis of one side of the body), depending on the location of the lesion Dialectal behavior therapy treatment - correct answerLinnehan uses dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) in the treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder. DBT is a type of cognitive behavioral therapy that emphasizes social skills training, self-soothing exercises, and group dynamics. The patient is offered intensive individual and group sessions that are a combination of psychoeducation and cognitive therapy. DBT has been shown to reduce hospitalization and self-mutilating behavior (Linnehan, Heard, and Armstrong, 1993). Schizophrenia Type I - correct answer-positive symptoms (delusions or hallucinations, inappropriate affect, and disorganized thinking) -neurotransmitter abnormalities or irregularities Schizophrenia Type II - correct answermainly negative symptoms, worse premorbid functioning, earlier onset, worse recovery, worse response to medication, believed due to a structural brain problem MANOVA - correct answerused when two or more dependent variables are included in a study. Rather than using separate ANOVAs to evaluate the effects of each of the dependent variables, a researcher could use the MANOVA when all the dependent variables are measured on a ratio or interval scale. This also helps to control the experiment-wise error rate. Bronfenbrenner's ecological model - correct answer-microsystem: immediate environment, face-to-face rx (rx w/ parents, siblings, school, neighbors, etc) -mesosystem: interactions btwn components of microsystem (influence of family on bx at school) -exosystem: broader environ that affects child's environ (parents' workplace, school board, community, media) -macrosystem: overarching environ influences (cultural beliefs/practice, econ conditions, political ideologies) -chronosystem: environ events over lifetime that impact them (immediate and LT effects of change in family structure/ SES) Item characteristic curve - correct answercurve developed in Item Response Theory to represent the probability of getting an item correct based on test-taker characteristics; the slope of the curve is representative of how well the item differentiates/discriminates test-takers on the measured characteristic; position of the curve (left vs right) is representative of the item difficulty, and the Y-intercept is the probability of answering the item correctly just by guessing (answer A). self-verification theory - correct answera theory that people want others to perceive them as they perceive themselves, regardless of whether they see themselves in a positive or negative light; holds that people strive for stable, subjectively accurate beliefs about the self because such beliefs give them a sense of coherence. item response theory - correct answera mathematical approach to choosing test items in which the probability of a positive response to an item is determined by the person's estimated position on the underlying trait being measured, as well as by characteristics of the item -theoretical basis of computer adaptive assessment, in which tests tailored to the examinee's ability level are computer generated Overall, more reliable estimate of ability is obtained using shorter test with fewer items - you need a bank of items that have been systematically evaluated for level of difficulty -invariance of item parameters, holds that the characteristics of items should be the same for all theoretically equivalent groups of subjects chosen from the same population. Thus, any culture-free test should demonstrate such invariance; i.e., a set of items shouldn't have a different set of characteristics for minority and non-minority subgroups. For this reason, item response theory has been applied to the development of culture-free tests -research supports the notion that the assumptions of item response theory only hold true for very large samples - dexedrine - correct answeran isomer of amphetamine (trade name Dexedrine) used as a central nervous system stimulant, used in treatment of ADHD dolophine - correct answerused in treatment of heroin addiction depakote - correct answermood stabilizer, used in treatment of biploar disorder tegretol - correct answerMood Stabilizer, treatment of bipolar disorder relationship of fluid and crystallized intelligence - correct answerCattell and Horn distinguish between fluid and crystallized intelligence. The former is independent of specific instruction and is relatively culture free, while the latter depends on exposure to education and is affected by cultural experiences. Cattell and Horn believed that these two aspects of intelligence are highly correlated and that crystallized intelligence develops through the use of fluid intelligence. treatment of borderline personality disorder - correct answerpsychological and biological treatment methods; antidepressants (SSRI) and mood stabilizing medications; dialectal behavior therapy: (cognitive and behavioral therapy) goal is to accept negative affect without engaging in self-destructive behaviors, problem-focused treatment, combines individual and group components Marsha Linehan (1993) has been achieving success with borderline patients with her use of dialectical behavioral therapy (DBT) which involves a combination of groups skills training and individual outpatient therapy. This combination has been successful at decreasing premature dropout rates in group therapy, as well as reducing suicide attempts and inpatient hospitalization rates. Ethics and values - correct answerValues are concerned with what is good and desirable and ethics refer to correct or appropriate practice. Values and ethics are related in that the latter are usually derived from the former; for example, privacy is a value that is reflected in the ethical standard requiring psychologists to obtain clients' informed consent before releasing information about therapy. systematic desensitization - correct answerIn systematic desensitization, anxiety-arousing stimuli are paired with stimuli that produce an incompatible response (often relaxation). In other words, it was designed to use counterconditioning in order to eliminate an anxiety response. Some research suggests, however, that it is actually just the exposure to anxiety-arousing stimuli, without aversive consequences, that explains the effectiveness of this technique. counterconditioning - correct answerA behavior therapy procedure that uses classical conditioning to evoke new responses to stimuli that are triggering unwanted behaviors; includes exposure therapies and aversive conditioning. multiple regression analysis - correct answerA form of statistical analysis that seeks the equation representing the impact of two or more independent variables on a single dependent variable -seeks high correlation between predictor variables and criterion (DV) but low intercorrelations between predictor variables (should be measuring separate things) primary reinforcer - correct answerA primary reinforcer is the same as an unconditioned reinforcer. These are items that acquire their reinforcing value without special training. Food and water are examples of primary reinforcers. Kohlberg's stages of morality development - correct answer1. Pre conventional - behaviors we view as moral are those that result in a reward or avoidance of punishment Conventional - The person at the conventional level supports the social order. He or she believes in that which is approved of by others or by societal standards is moral. Post-conventional- unction according to our own conscience, no matter what the conventional wisdom is. Huntington's Disease - correct answerHuntington's Disease is believed to begin when cells within the striatum (caudate and putamen) of the basal ganglia begin to be destroyed. The striatum is responsible for producing GABA, which regulates the levels of dopamine in the brain through an inhibitory process. The death of the striatum cells causes decreased amounts of GABA which leads to an overproduction of dopamine and results in chorea (uncontrollable and irregular muscle movements, especially of the arms, legs, and face). Conduction aphasia - correct answerDifficulty repeating words just spoken and recalling the name of familiar objects are characteristic of all three disorders. - due to damage to the nerve fibers that connect Broca's to Wernicke's area and the most typical result is difficulty repeating what one has heard. Broca's aphasia - correct answerBroca's aphasia is characterized by difficulty expressing language, including difficulty repeating words just spoken and recalling the name of familiar objects Wernicke's aphasia - correct answerreceptive aphasia, primarily affects comprehension which results in impairment in spoken and written language, and anomia or problems recalling words. also difficulty repeating words just spoken and recalling the name of familiar objects Vroom and Yetton's normative model - correct answerdecision-making tool (tree) to help leaders determine how much involvement they should seek when making decisions. The model starts by having leaders answer several key questions and working their way through a funnel based on their responses. F sccale, MMPI - correct answerChecks on response style, the F scale indicates if the person is answering in a deviant way, or is perhaps actually deviant. The higher the F, the more the answers suggest that the person is attempting to appear odd, disturbed, etc. expectancy theory - correct answerExpectancy theory predicts that motivation is related to three phenomena: Expectancy -beliefs about the relationship between effort and performance; Instrumentality - beliefs about the relationship between performance and outcomes; and Valence - the desirability of those outcomes. incremental validity - correct answerThe increase in decision-making accuracy resulting from the use of a particular predictor. Three factors influence the incremental validity of a test: 1) the base rate, or the percentage of correct hiring decisions made when the test is not used; 2) the test's validity coefficient; and 3) the selection ratio, or the ratio of job openings to total applicants (for instance, if 100 people are applying for 5 positions, the selection ratio is low 5/100, or .05; if 10 people apply for 5 positions the selection ratio is high 5/10 or .50). Incremental validity is greatest when the base rate is moderate, the validity coefficient is high, and the selection ratio is low. The Taylor-Russell tables can be used to determine a test's incremental validity, given specific values for the base rate, validity coefficient, and selection ratio. Male erectile disorder - correct answerpersistent or recurrent inability to attain or maintain an erection until completion of sexual activity. Hypoactive Sexual Desire Disorder - correct answeriagnosed when a person has persistently deficient or absent sexual fantasies and desire for sexual activity. Sexual Aversion Disorder - correct answerextreme aversion to, or avoidance of, all genital contact with a sexual partner Sexual Dysfunction NOS (D) - correct answerreserved for sexual dysfunctions that do not meet the criteria for any specific sexual dysfunction. Severe prenatal malnutrition - correct answerSevere prenatal malnutrition is likely to have differential effects, depending on when in pregnancy it occurs. In the first trimester, it can result in congenital malformations and spontaneous abortion. In the third trimester (as well as in the first 3-6 months after birth), it is most likely to have a negative effect on the central nervous system -- specifically, the brain. Studies have suggested that these children often have an abnormally low number of brain cells and brain weight. The specific behavioral consequences may include apathy, unresponsiveness to environmental stimulation, irritability, an abnormally high-pitched cry, intellectual deficits, and lags in motor development. Gender concept development (3 stages) - correct answerGender concept develops in a predictable sequence of stages during childhood. 1. "gender identity," which is the ability to categorize self and others as male or female. There is evidence that gender identity develops as early as 9 months or as late as 3 years, depending on how the researchers define it. 2. "Gender stability" - develops by 4 years of age, is an understanding that one's gender does not change over time. 3. "Gender constancy," which is characterized by an understanding that gender stays the same despite changes in appearance. Gender constancy is achieved by age 5 or 6. psychologists' endorsement of materials - correct answerThe ethical standards say that psychologists cannot make false, deceptive, fraudulent, or misleading statements. Unless the psychologist's endorsements were based on sound expertise and her honest opinion of the publications in question, these standards would be violated. California Tarasoff Statute - correct answergives clinicians explicit guidance about when a duty to act arises and tells clinicians what actions fulfill their duty. The first Tarasoff decision established a "duty to warn," however, the case was reheard several years later and the Tarasoff II decision modified the duty to warn to a "duty to protect." -"issues implicated by the Tarasoff case and its legal progeny account for a small percentage of forensic cases." mania, according to psychoanalytic theory - correct answerAccording to classical psychoanalytic theory, mania occurs as a defense against depression, due to an inability of the person to tolerate or admit to being depressed. Hypomanic episode - correct answerHypomanic Episode is characterized by a period of persistently elevated, expansive, or irritable mood that lasts at least 4 days and is accompanied by three or more symptoms including: inflated self-esteem or grandiosity; decreased need for sleep; talkativeness; racing thoughts; distractibility; excessive involvement in high-risk pleasurable activities; and increase in goal-directed activity. The symptoms are not severe enough to cause marked impairment in functioning and there are no psychotic features. During a Hypomanic Episode many individuals exhibit increased productivity, efficiency, and creativity. Beck's cognitive therapy - correct answerA type of cognitive therapy developed by Aaron Beck in which the therapist works to develop a warm relationship with the person and has the person carefully consider the evidence for her beliefs in order to see the errors in her thinking ("collaborative empiricism"). -also emphasizes relatpse prevention, structure and goal-oriented Delusion of reference - correct answerperson believes that objects or events in the immediate environment have an unusual and particular significance to him or her. In a , the this is not the case here. persecutory delusion - correct answerperson feels that he or she is being mistreated in some way or conspired against; Systematized delusions - correct answerorganized around a coherent theme Lazarus' theory (emotion theory) - correct answerLazarus' theory proposes that a thought (cognitive appraisal) must precede any emotion or physiological arousal. Cannon-Bard (emotion theory) - correct answerCannon-Bard (a.) states physiological and emotional arousal are experienced at the same time. -theory of emotion that says that a stimulus causes simultaneously psyiological arousal and the subjective experience of an emotion James-Lange - correct answeran event causes physiological arousal first, then interpretation and finally the experience of emotion Schachter-Singer - correct answeran event causes physiological arousal first, then reasoning and finally the experience of emotion Facial feedback - correct answerchanges in facial muscles cue the brain and provide the basis of emotion. organizational process consultant - correct answerprocess consultant, rather than merely correcting problems for his or her client, focuses on an organization's underlying processes, with the goal of making changes in processes so that individuals within the organization can solve their own problems. Thus, choice D is the best answer, as it is the only one which offers a way in which the nurses and administrators can work together to solve the problem of dissatisfaction with work conditions. By comparison, choices A and B would have the consultant diagnose and "fix" the problem; these interventions would be consistent with the medical rather than the process model of consultation. absence seizures - correct answerAbsence or Petit Mal Seizures are very brief (30 seconds or less) and are characterized by minimal motor activity and a lack of awareness. Absence seizures usually begin in childhood and most outgrow the condition by adulthood. Researchers believe that absence seizures originate in the thalamus (the central relay station for sensory information going to the cortex). complex partial seizure disorder - correct answerformerly known as temporal lobe epilepsy, originates in the temporal lobe brain basis of Parkinson's disease - correct answerbasal ganglia severity error - correct answeroccurs with raters who are unusually harsh in their ratings Another term for the strictness bias or error is severity error. This rater bias refers to the tendency of raters to rate all ratees using the low end of the rating scale. Central tendency bias - correct answerA rater rating all individuals using the middle range of a rating scale is exhibiting the central tendency bias white racial identity development - correct answer1. Contact 2. Disintegration 3. Reintegration 4. Pseudo-Independence 5. Immersion/Emmersion 6. Autonomy (racial self-actualization) psychological reactance - correct answerPsychological reactance refers to the phenomenon whereby pressure to behave in a particular way causes individuals to behave in the opposite manner. Reactance occurs when a person perceives that his or her freedom of choice or sense of control is being threatened by attempted influence. coalition (family therapy) - correct answerIn family therapy, the term coalition refers to an alliance of two family members against a third. According to Minuchin, dysfunctional families are sometimes characterized by stable coalitions of a parent and a child against the other parent. triangulation (family therapy) - correct answerTriangulation refers to a situation in which another family member is brought into a conflict that actually exists only between two members, such as when two parents constantly try to get their child to take their side in a conflict the parents are having with each other. Fusion (Family therapy) - correct answerFusion, a term used by Bowen, refers to an inability to separate intellectual from emotional functioning, or an inability to separate one's own thoughts and feelings from those of other family members. joining (family therapy) - correct answerjoining is a technique described by Minuchin that involves adopting the family's affective style in order to help establish a working relationship, gain greater understanding of the family structure, and gain more leverage in bringing about family change. high context communication - correct answerrelies on body language, nonverbal cues, reference to environmental objects, and culturally relevant phraseology to communicate an idea. is indirect and seems to take forever to reach a conclusion. low context communication - correct answercommunication style that uses few environmental or cultural idioms to convey an idea or concept. Ideas are spelled out explicitly. introjection - correct answer(gestalt) acceptance of others' beliefs and standards without analyzing, assimilating and internalizing them -absorbing the values or behaviors of others, including the larger society, without really understanding or assimilating those values or behaviors -represents a disturbance in the boundary between self and others -- the person does or believes things that are not reflective of a self that is clearly distinct from others in the environment. , The best initial strategy for teaching complex motor skills that require speed and accuracy to be successfully performed is to - correct answeremphasize speed over accuracy the recurrence of hallucinations long after intoxication is most likely to result from the use of - correct answerMescaline Hallucinations, especially after discontinued use ("flashbacks") are most likely the result of a true hallucinogen. Of the drugs listed, only mescaline is clearly classified as a hallucinogen. PCP (phencyclidine) is sometimes classified as a hallucinogen; other times it's considered a stimulant or pain killer, and it is less likely to cause flashbacks. Hallucinogen Persisting Perception Disorder - correct answerterm in DSM-IV-TR -individual with this disorder has not used drug recently, but has re-experienced 1+ of perceptual symptoms or "flashbacks" experienced while intoxicated, such as geometric hallucinations, intensified colors, etc. -few cases reported reexperiencing of hallucinations following cessation of use of a hallucinogen. Substance-Induced Psychotic Disorder - correct answercan be caused by intoxication or withdrawal from many different substances but the symptoms must occur within a month of intoxication or withdrawal and the person must not have insight that the hallucinations (or delusions) are substance induced. Consuming foods containing tyramine while taking a MAOI would most likely result int - correct answerEating foods containing tyramine while taking MAOIs is likely to cause a hypertensive crisis, that is, a severe rise in blood pressure. The person may also experience headache, diaphoresis (perspiration), and palpitations. On rare occasions the combination has caused cardiac failure and cerebral hemorrhage. Some of the foods that must be avoided while taking MAOIs include: beer and wine, aged cheese, beef or chicken liver, orange pulp, pickled or smoked meats, packaged soups, and yeast vitamin supplements. MAOI - correct answerMonoamine Oxidase Inhibitor Drug effective for depression; any of a group of antidepressant drugs that inhibit the action of monoamine oxidase in the brain and so allow monoamines to accumulate self-directed work teams - correct answerSelf-directed work teams are self-directed; i.e., they determine their own goals, plan their own work processes, and may even hire their own replacements. A distinguishing characteristic of self-directed work teams is that members are generalists (versus specialists), and each member has (or learns) a broad range of skills. A possible downside of self-directed work teams is that they are associated with higher absenteeism than more traditional work groups. Guilford theory of intelligence - correct answerJ.P. Guilford identified 120 elements using factor analysis that he proposed in sum comprise intelligence. Convergent thinking is the ability to group or analyze divergent ideas usually leading to a unifying concept or single solution. Divergent thinking is the ability to generate creative, new ideas or to elaborate or branch off from traditional approaches, such as in brainstorming or "thinking out of the box." Galton theory of intelligence - correct answerGalton (a.) postulated that intelligence is an inherited trait distributed normally across the population. Thurstone's theory of intelligence - correct answerThurstone (b.) applied his method of factor analysis to intelligence leading to his proposed theory of Primary Mental Abilities (that individuals possess varying degrees of sub-components of intelligence). Catell and Horn's theory of intelligence - correct answerDistinguishes between fluid and crystallized intelligence, and visual-spatial reasoning. confirmatory bias - correct answerseek, interpret, and create information that verifies our existing beliefs. Self-serving bias - correct answertendency to attribute one's successes to internal factors and one's failures to external factors fundamental attribution bias or error - correct answertendency to overestimate dispositional (personality) factors and underestimate situational factors in explaining a person's behavior Alzheimer's is related to under production of - correct answeracetylcholine Huessman et al., 2003; childhood exposure to tv violence - correct answerUnlike studies on children growing up in the 1960's which found aggressive behavior only in males, Huesmann et al. (2003) found childhood exposure to TV violence is stimulating an increase in adult aggression in males and females. This effect persists even when the effects of socioeconomic status, intellectual ability, and a variety of parenting factors are controlled. More childhood exposure to TV violence, greater childhood identification with same-sex aggressive TV characters, and a stronger childhood belief that violent shows tell about life "just like it is" predicted more adult aggression regardless of the initial aggressiveness of the child. sexual dimorphism - correct answerrefers to any consistent differences between males and females in size or shape. Sexual dimorphism enables animals to readily identify males and females of their species which serves to facilitate mating. The cortex is the least developed part of the brain at birth. Subsequent development is due primarily to - correct answermyelination of existin neurons; Nearly all of the neurons are present at birth, and continued development of the brain following birth is due primarily to an increased number of dendrites and myelination of the existing neurons. The symptoms of OCD can be alleviated through CB treatments and medication interventions that reduce activity in the - correct answercaudate nucleaus The caudate nucleus appears to be overactive in people diagnosed with OCD. L.R. Baxter (1992) reports that both behavioral interventions and drug therapy affect metabolic rate in the caudate nucleus. reticular activating system - correct answeris involved in attention and arousal inferior colliculus - correct answercontrols auditory reflexes locus coeruleus - correct answermay be associated with Depression and Panic Disorder. three components of long-term memory - correct answerLong-term memory has been divided into three components: semantic memory, procedural memory, and episodic memory. Semantic memory - correct answermemory for the rules of logic and inference, as well as knowledge about language (e.g., what words mean and how they are used) Procedural memory - correct answerinformation about how to do things, such as how to drive a car Episodic memory - correct answercontains information about events that have been personally experienced shared variability (in factor loading) - correct answerA method for interpreting the correlation between two different variables; calculated by squaring the correlation coefficient. For example, if the correlation between a predictor and critierion is .30, the variability shared between the variables is .09 (9%). (Or, put another way, 9% of variability in criterion scores is explained by variability in the predictor.) AIDS dementia complex - correct answercognitive impairment associated with HIV. -occurs in about 2/3 of all AIDS patients. Usually, one of the first cognitive signs of dementia (both in AIDS and non-AIDS patients) is a loss of concentration and a mild memory loss, especially for recent events. signs of dementia - correct answerloss of concentration and a mild memory loss, especially for recent events. A therapist using Beck's cognitive approach to therapy would rely primarily on which michroskill to induce desirable changes in a depressed client - correct answerQuestioning - a very important strategy in Beck's cognitive therapy and, in fact, the majority of communications by the therapist take the form of questions designed to help the client consider particular issues, options, and so on. Structural equation modeling - correct answerA multivariate technique used to evaluate the causal (predictive) influences or test causal hypotheses about the relationships among a set of factors -identify the underlying (latent) factors that relate to a set of measured variables and the nature of thecausal relationships between those factors Cluster analysis - correct answerused to identify homogeneous subgroups in a heterogeneous collection of observations Q-technique factor analysis - correct answerdetermines how many types of people a sample of people represents Survival analysis - correct answerused to assess the length of time to the occurrence of a critical event criterion deficiency - correct answerCriterion deficiency refers to what is missed or deficient in the criterion used. For example, if typing speed is used as the sole criterion for determining successful job performance by a secretary, it would be a deficient criterion, since typing speed is only one of several skills needed to be a successful secretary. Thus reliable but not valid Differential validity - correct answertest which has significantly different validity coefficients for different subgroups. criterion contamination - correct answeroccurs when a rater's knowledge of an employee's performance on a predictor biases how the employee is rated on a criterion artificial inflation of validity which can occur when raters subjectively score ratees on a criterion measure after they have been informed how the ratees scored on the predictor moderator variable - correct answerAny variable which moderates, or influences, the relationship between two other variables. If the validity of a job selection test is different for different ethnic groups (i.e. there is differential validity), then ethnicity would be considered a moderator variable since it is influencing the relationship between the test (predictor) and actual job performance (the criterion). confounding variable - correct answervariable in a research study which is not of interest to the researcher, but which exerts a systematic effect on the DV. What is probability that person's true score falls within 2 SDs of their test score? - correct answer95% stimulus generalization - correct answerProcess by which a conditioned response becomes associated with a stimulus that is similar but not identical to the original conditioned stimulus ex/ woman in a serious car accident 6 months ago sees picture of a car in newspaper and becomes anxious; she has been conditioned to respond with anxiety to cars and therefore exhibits the same response to a similar stimulus -- a picture of a car. This process is also sometimes referred to as mediated generalization. In this context, the term "mediated" means that the picture has never been paired with the original source of anxiety (i.e., the accident). Therefore, in order for the picture to cause anxiety, some cognitive mediation must be taking place. Gardener's theory of intelligence - correct answerdefined intelligence as an ability to solve real-life problems, to generate new problems, and to create something meaningful or offer a service that is valued within a person's culture or local community. He developed the theory of multiple intelligences which currently lists eight intelligences: linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical intelligence, bodily-kinesthetic, spatial, interpersonal, intrapersonal and naturalist. panic disorder - correct answerAn anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of intense dread in which a person experiences terror and accompanying chest pain, choking, or other frightening sensations, possibly unusual perceptual experiences (perceptual disturbances - derealization or depersonalization) Use of active/passive coping, biofeedback and CBT to treat chronic pain - correct answerSeveral studies have found that passive coping strategies (e.g., depending on others, restricting social activities, use of medication for immediate pain relief) result in an increase in subjective pain among chronic pain patients. Conversely, helping patients reduce the frequency of passive coping strategies is believed to result in decreased pain. Active coping strategies (e.g., staying busy or active, distracting attention from the pain), as well as biofeedback and cognitive-behavioral therapy, have most often been found to decrease pain Sternberg's theory of intelligence - correct answerRobert Sternberg's triarchic model of intelligence consists of three interacting components: the componential, or analytical, aspect includes the methods used to process and analyze information; the experiential, or creative, aspect refers to how unfamiliar circumstances and tasks are dealt with; and the practical, or contextual, component refers to how people respond to their environment. (Beyond IQ, New York, Cambridge University Press, 1985). Perkins' theory of intelligence - correct answerIdentified three dimensions to intelligence: the neural, the experiential, and the reflective that are considered contrasting causal factors that all contribute to intelligence. Racial/Cultural Identify Development Model - correct answerSue and Sue's R/CID model describes5 stages: conformity, dissonance, resistance and immersion, introspection, and integrative awareness and elaborates on individuals' attitudes toward self and others. 1. Conformity stage, a person depreciates the self (and others of the minority group) but appreciates the dominant majority group. 2. Dissonance stage, minority individuals experience conflict between appreciation and depreciation of the self and the majority group. 3. Resistance and Immersion stage, the individual appreciates the self and depreciates the majority group. 4. Introspection stage, the person again experiences conflict and questions the basis of his or her appreciation and depreciation of self and others. 5. Integrative Awareness stage, the person experiences self-appreciation and selective appreciation of the majority group Partial (focal) seizures - correct answerPartial (focal) seizures typically begin with uncontrollable twitching of a small part of the body, for example, one finger, which may start to jerk, followed by jerking of the entire arm and then the rest of that side of the body, and may lead to jerking of the entire body. Although it can eventually affect the entire body, it is referred to as a "partial" seizure because of how it initially developed. This is sometimes called "partial seizure with secondary generalization." Partial seizures are further subdivided into "simple partial seizures," which have no alteration of consciousness, and "complex partial seizures," which do alter consciousness. Generalized seizures - correct answerThe generalized type of seizures include the petit mal and tonic-clonic (grand mal) types. Petit mal (absence) seizures are characterized by minimal motor activity and a lack of awareness. Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal) seizures begin as bilaterally symmetrical at onset and involve episodes of violent shaking, during which the person becomes blue and stiff. traditional western approaches to individual psychotherapy can best be described as - correct answerlinear and reductionistic; Traditional Western approaches to individual psychotherapy emphasize linear causal relationships and are reductionistic, that is, they tend to explain complex phenomena in terms of relatively simple principles. Dissociative amnesia - correct answercharacterized by the sudden and extensive inability to recall important personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful nature. memory loss is usually for information acquired after the emotional trauma that brings on the symptoms. There is typically a gap or a series of gaps in recall for the individual's life history. which brain structure develops last? - correct answerThe brain develops in a predictable sequence from the least complex functions to the most complex. Although many areas of the brain are nearly fully developed at birth, the frontal lobe, which is responsible for higher-level thinking, motor behavior, and expressive language does not fully develop until young adulthood. The prefrontal cortex, located at the most anterior part of the frontal lobe, is responsible for most executive function