BIOL 235 MIDTERM 1 Questions And Answers Complete Solution

BIOL 235 MIDTERM 1 Questions And Answers Complete Solution metabolism - sum of al chemical processes catabolism - that break down molecules, releasing energy. anabolism - the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones. 3 things that effect growth in the body size - 1. increase in the size of existing cells ase in the number of cells ase in the size of material between the cells differentiation - unspecialized cells becomes specialized reproduction is the formation of new cells for? (2) - 1. tissue growth, repair or replacement 2. production of a new individual fluid within the cells - intracellular fluid fluid outside the cells - extracellular fluid ECF that fills narrow space between cells of tissues - interstitial fluid what is the monitored variable called in a feedback loop - controlled condition what is the stimulus - any disruption that changes a controlled condition what's the receptor - body structure monitoring the changes of a controlled condition and sends inputs what is an afferent pathway-input - flows towards the control center (nerve impulse or chemical signal) what is the control center - sets the range of values within which a controlled condition should be maintained; evaluates the input it receives from receptors and generates output commands when they are needed efferent pathway - flow away from control center to effector effector - body structure receiving output and brings about change and produces a response that alters the controlled condition negative feedback system - reverses a change in a controlled condition positive feedback loop - strengthens or reinforces a change in the controlled condition until its interrupted-effector produces a response that reinforces the initial change-child birth disorder - abnormality of a structure or function disease - illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms symptom - subjective changes not visible to the observer sign - objective changes visible to the observer (doctor) prone - body is lying face down supine - body is lying face up ipsilateral - same side contralateral - different sides superficial - towards the surface of the skin deep - away from surface of the skin sagittal plane - divides the body into left and right Midsagittal (median) plane - divides into equal left and right sides parasagittal plane - unequal sides left and right fronta (coronal plane) - divides front and back (anterior/posterior) transverse plane - superior and inferior top and bottom (horizontal plane cross-sectional) oblique plane - anything but 90 degrees cranial cavity - contains head Vertebral (spine) cavity - contains spinal cord and vertebral column-continuous of the cranial cavity Meninges - layers of protective tissue surround the brain and spinal cord thoracic cavity - chest, ribs, sternum muscles of the chest and a thoracic portion of the vertebral column pericardial cavity - surrounds the heart pleura cavity - surrounds lungs visceral layer of cavity - inner layer parietal layer of cavity - outer layer mediastinum cavity - between the lugs extending from the sternum to the vertebral column and first rib down to the diaphragm-heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, and BV's but not the lungs diaphragm - dome muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominopelvic cavity abdominopelvic cavity - from the diaphragm to the groin abdominal cavity-stomach, spleen, liver, gallbladder, small intestine, and large intestine pelvic cavity-urinary bladder, parts of the large intestine, and internal organs of the reproductive system viscera - organs inside thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities major elements of body mass - nitrogen, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen lesser elements 8 - Calcium, Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Sodium, Chlorine, Magnesium, Iron what are the three subatomic particles - neutrons, protons, electrons nucleus - core of an atom proton - positively charged (in nucleus) neutron - neutral no charge (in nucleus) electrons - negatively charged in a cloud around the nucleus number of protons =? - number of electrons atomic number is what - number of protons/electrons mass number - sum of protons and neutrons isotopes - Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons radioactive isotopes (radioisotopes) - An isotope of an atom that spontaneously emits one or more types of radioactivity into stable configuration half-life - the time it takes radioactive isotope to decay into half atomic mass/weight - average of the natural occurring isotopes ion - has a positive or negative charge because it has unequal number of protons and electrons ionization - the process of giving up or gaining an electron to become stable molecule - when two or more atoms share an electron compound - substance made up of two or more different elements free radicals - atoms with an unpaired electron in the outermost shell making it unstable-become stable by gaining or losing from another element (this breaks apart important elements) UV rays, x-rays ionic bond - force of attraction between oppositely charged ions cation - positively charged ion-loses an electron anion - negatively charged ion-gains an electron electrolyte - an ionic compound that breaks apart into positive or negative ions in a solution covalent bond - two more more atoms share electrons non-polar - equal sharing of electrons polar - sharing of electrons is unequal electronegativity - power to attract electrons to itself hydrogen bond - forms when hydrogen bonds to N,O,F surface tension - a measure of the difficulty of stretching or breaking the surface of a liquid activation energy - collision energy needed to break the chemical bonds of the reactants so a reaction can start catalysts-what kind are the most important - chemicals that speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed-enzymes are most important synthesis reaction - is anabolism and endergonic A+B=AB decomposition reaction - catabolism and exergonic AB=A + B Exchange reactions - both decomposition and synthesis reversible reactions - products can reverse to original reactants oxidation-reduction reactions are always what? - parallel- when one is oxidized the other is reduced oxidation - the loss of electrons relaxing energy reduction - the gain of electrons gaining energy solvent, solution and solute - the solvent dissolves solute in the solution hydrophilic - dissolves easily in water (polar) hydrophobic - not very water soluble (non-polar) hydrolysis - decomposition, break down with the addition of water dehydration synthesis - the build of molecules-and water is formed as a product (taken out) high heat capacity - water- changing from liquid to gas takes a large amount of energy with minimal change to own temperature acid - a substance that dissociates into one or more H atoms and anions base - removes H from a solution (OH-) hydroxide which is a proton donor and which is a proton acceptor - acids are proton donors and bases are proton acceptors salt - dissolved in water, dissociates into cations and anions acidic solutions pH - H is greater than OH and ph is less than 7 basic solutions pH - OH is greater than H and ph is greater than 7 buffer systems - convert strong acids or bases into weak acids or bases acidoses - blood ph falls below ph of 7.35 alkalosis - blood ph rises above ph of 7.45 carbonic acid buffer system - adds or removes H+ compensating for either excess or shortage of H monomers - dehydration joins the two monomers (hydrogen and hydroxide removed to form water)-connecting monomers form polymers isomers - have the same formula but different structures carbohydrates are made up of? - sugars, glycogen, starches, and cellulose monosaccharide - a simple sugar containing 3-7 carbon atoms ending in "ose" disaccharide - simple sugar formed from a combo of two monosaccharides polysaccharide - contains 10-1000s of monosaccharides through dehydration synthesis-startches and cellulose glycogen - a polysaccharide made entirely of glucose monomers- they are carbs stored as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscles starches - polysaccharide formed from glucose in plants in plants and can be broken down cellulose - polysaccharide formed from glucose by plants that can't be digested by humans-forms stool lipids - are mostly non polar and hydrophobic lipoprotein - lipid molecules join with hydrophobic protein molecules to help them become soluble fatty acids - used to synthesize triglycerides and phospholipids- can catabolize to generate ATP saturated bonds - single bonds between C and H unsaturated bonds - double bonds (produce kink) between C and H triglycerides - fats and oils made of a single glycerol and three fatty acids glycerol - 3 carbon chain forming the backbone of triglycerides with one fatty acid attached to each carbon phospholipids - have a glycerol backbone and two fatty acid chains (tails-non polar) attached to them and a phosphate group at the 3rd carbon (head-polar) steroid - 4 rings of carbon and are polar with an OH group and hydrocarbon tail-cholesterol eicosanoids and two substances it contains - lipids derived from a 20 carbon fatty acid called arachidonic acid containing a. prostaglandis b. leukotrienes-allergy and inflammation response structural proteins - form framework of body parts regulatory proteins - function as hormones that regulate physiological processes-contorl growth and development, neurotransmitters in contractile proteins - shortening of muscles creating movement n and actin immunological proteins - aid responses that protect body against foreign substances and invading pathogens bodies transport proteins - carry vital substances through the body catalytic proteins - enemies that regulate chemical reactions amino acids - monomers of proteins each have an hydrogen atom and three functional groups-protein is made by joining amino acids what are the functional groups of amino acids - amino, carboxyl (acidic) group, and side R chain group peptide - the bond joining each pair of amino acids forming between the C of the carboxyl group and N of the amino producing water as a product structural organization of proteins - 1)primary-the peptide chain 2)secondary- twisting and folding of the amino acids in the chain (helixes or beta pleated sheats) 3)Tertiary-3-D shape (chaperone helps aid in the folding process)