MODULE 4 (BIOD 121) FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS

MODULE 4 (BIOD 121) FINAL EXAM WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS 2023- 2024 Vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER-(vita- means life and -amine means nitrogen containing) are organic compounds that the body needs in small amounts What is obtained through the diet and help regulate and support a variety of processes related to digestion, absorption, metabolism, body regulations?? - CORRECT ANSWER-vitamins what is the main overall function of vitamins? - CORRECT ANSWER-to regulate and support what are the 4 functions of vitamins? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. digestion 2. absorption 3. metabolism 4. body regulation What would happen to the body without vitamins? - CORRECT ANSWER-body would not be capable of sustaining the functions necessary for daily activities What is the difference between carbohydrates, proteins, and fats from vitamins? - CORRECT ANSWERvitamins yield no energy but they are very important in the growth and maintenance of our bodies How many vitamins are their that we know to be essential? - CORRECT ANSWER-13 essential vitamins essential vitamins are found where? - CORRECT ANSWER-both plant and animal sources can the body synthesize essential vitamins? - CORRECT ANSWER-the majority cannot be synthesized by the human body. Thus, they must be consumed in the diet Which essential vitamins are exceptions and can be synthesized by the human body? - CORRECT ANSWER-vitamin K biotin vitamin D Where are vitamin K and biotin synthesized? - CORRECT ANSWER-produced by gut flora (bacteria) in the intestine Where is vitamin D synthesized? - CORRECT ANSWER-synthesized in the skin through sunlight What are the two essential vitamins that can be produced through precursors? - CORRECT ANSWERVitamin A & niacin Through what precursor found in the can essential vitamin A be produced? - CORRECT ANSWER-beta carotene -- Vitamin A can be produced after we consume food containing beta carotene Through what precursor found in the can essential niacin be produced? - CORRECT ANSWER-amino acid tryptophan niacin can be produced when we consume foods containing the amino acid tryptophan. What two criteria must be meet in order to be considered a vitamin, an organic compound? - CORRECT ANSWER-1. First, due to the inability of our bodies to manufacture the compound, enough of the compound must be consumed in the diet to maintain health. 2. Second, symptoms of deficiency occur in the absence of the compound, resulting in declining health. & health is often restored when the deficiency is corrected. During the manufacturing of food, some nutrients are lost. What are ways to counter this? - CORRECT ANSWER-some foods have been enriched or fortified to ensure consumption of all the nutrients they require through their daily intake Enrichment - CORRECT ANSWER-is the process of taking nutrients that were lost in the milling or processing of the food and adding them back to the final product Example of Enrichment - CORRECT ANSWER-all grain products are enriched due to the loss that occurs in the milling process fortification - CORRECT ANSWER-is the process of supplementing a product with additional vitamins that would not normally be in that product example of fortification - CORRECT ANSWER-is adding calcium and vitamin D to orange juice or vitamins to cereal Vitamins can be classified as either _____ __________ or _______ __________ - CORRECT ANSWER-fat soluble water soluble Fat soluble vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER-dependent on dietary fat for absorption characteristic of fat-soluble vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER--dependent on dietary fat -stored in the body -not easily excreted -toxic if consumed in excess characteristic of water soluble vitamins - CORRECT ANSWER--easily dissolve in water -easily absorbed into the bloodstream and excreted in the urine -limited storage capacity in the body -easily destroyed washing and cooking can leach from foods -coenzyme -bioavailability -Seldom reaches toxic levels Where are fat soluble vitamins stored? - CORRECT ANSWER-liver and adipose tissue What are the fat soluble vitamins? - CORRECT ANSWER-Vitamins A, D, E, K As they are not easily excreted after storage, excess consumption over time could lead to ________ levels in the body. - CORRECT ANSWER-toxic which vitamins have the highest likelihood of becoming toxic? - CORRECT ANSWER-vitamin A (animalderived sources only) and vitamin D what factors can interfere with fat absorption and lead to a deficiency of fat-soluble vitamins? - CORRECT ANSWER-certain diseases, weight loss medications, and laxatives vitamin A forms - CORRECT ANSWER-forms: (1) preformed vitamin A (retinol or retinal), which comes from animal sources, (2) provitamin A carotenoids, which come from plants and are considered precursors preformed vitamin A - CORRECT ANSWER-Retinoids sources of preformed vitamin A - CORRECT ANSWER-fortified milk, cheese, cream, butter, eggs, liver preformed vitamin A (retinal) functions - CORRECT ANSWER-vision, immunity, growth/development, disease prevention Levels above 3000 micrograms of preformed vitamin A can lead to toxicity resulting in? - CORRECT ANSWER-increased hip fracture, liver toxicity, and fetal malformations in pregnant women provitamin vitamin A - CORRECT ANSWER-carotenoids (beta carotene) sources of provitamin A - CORRECT ANSWER-dark green leafy veggies: -spinach & kale yellow and orange fruits and vegetables: -apricots, cantaloupe, carrots, sweet potatoes, pumpkins high intake of provitamin A carotenoids do not cause toxic effects. however, one side effect - CORRECT ANSWER-yellowing of the palms of the hands or soles of the feet if a large amount of orange and yellow vegetables consumed will resolve when carotenoid levels decline. What is found in yellow, orange, and red vegetables, and many are antioxidants? - CORRECT ANSWERprovitamin A carotenoids (beta carotene) Antioxidants - CORRECT ANSWER-stop the reactive substances (oxidants) from potentially causing damage to cells. Vitamin A functions - CORRECT ANSWER--Vision -external skin health -health of the epithelial cells that line the GI tract -growth -development -reproduction -Disease prevention Lack of which vitamin leads to stunted growth in children and an inability to reproduce in adults? - CORRECT ANSWER-vitamin A What do the epithelial layer of cells act as? - CORRECT ANSWER-barriers to bacteria and provide immunity from infection a form of vitamin A, helps the eye adjust from bright to dim light - CORRECT ANSWER-retinal what is an early indicator of a vitamin A deficiency? - CORRECT ANSWER-the eye losing the ability to adjust to light, a condition called night blindness what happens if the condition called night blindness progresses? - CORRECT ANSWER--eye loses the ability to make mucus and keep the eye moist. -abnormal dryness due to vitamin A deficiency is called xeropthalmia. Xeropthalmia - CORRECT ANSWER-progressive hardening of the cornea of the eye in advanced vitamin A deficiency that can lead to blindness what is the leading cause of vision loss? - CORRECT ANSWER-macular degeneration consumption of _______ and ___________high in _____________ may also aid in the treatment of macular degeneration - CORRECT ANSWER-fruits vegetables carotenoids What may be prevented with a good intake of vitamin A, especially the carotenoids? - CORRECT ANSWER-cancer and cardiovascular disease Do foods containing vitamin A or vitamin A supplements provide more benefit? - CORRECT ANSWERfoods containing vitamin A Vitamin D forms - CORRECT ANSWER-two forms: ergocalciferol (D2), which is a synthetic product used in supplements cholecalciferol (D3) the form made by the human body