APUSH Period 8 – Part 3 Study Guide and Key Concepts
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ANS✔✔ One of the greatest legislative achievements of the Civil
Rights Movement, this law prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions like
hospitals and schools, and privately owned public accommodations such as restaurants, hotels,
and theaters. It also banned discrimination on the grounds of sex--a provision added by
opponents of civil rights in an effort to derail the entire bill and embraced by liberals and female
members of Congress as a way to broaden its scope.
Freedom Summer - ANS✔✔ Launched by a coalition of civil rights groups, this was a campaign
to register voters in Mississippi in the summer of 1964. Blacks had been cut off from voting in
Mississippi since the turn of the century due to barriers to voter registration and other laws. The
project also set up dozens of Freeterm-45dom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community
centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population. Hundreds of
white college students from the North traveled to the state to take part. An outpouring of
violence greeted the campaign, including 35 bombings and numerous beatings of civil rights
workers.
Goodman, Chaney, and Schwerner - ANS✔✔ Three young activists--two white students from
the North and one local black youth-- who were murdered for participating in Freedom
Summer. Kidnapped by a group headed by a deputy sheriff and murdered near Philadelphia,
Mississippi. Between 1961 and 1965, an estimated twenty-five black civil rights workers paid
with their lives. But the deaths of these two white students focused unprecedented attention
on Mississippi and on the apparent inability of the federal government to protect citizens
seeking to enjoy their constitutional rights.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 1964 - ANS✔✔ This was a temporary political
party created by the civil rights movement during Freedom Summer In order to challenge the
legitimacy of the regular Mississippi Democratic Party, which allowed participation only by
whites, when African Americans made up 40% of the state population. In one of the most
dramatic confrontations of the civil rights era, the delegates of this party attempted to take the
seats of the state's all-white official party at the 1964 Democratic National Convention.
, Barry Goldwater - ANS✔✔ A Libertarian Senator from Arizona who ran as the Republican
nominees for President in 1964 and lost badly to LBJ. He published an enormously popular book
The Conscience of a Conservative (1960), which articulated his libertarian philosophy. He
demanded more aggressive conduct in the Cold War and critiqued the New Deal welfare state
as a "danger to freedom," which he believed stifled individual initiative and independence. He
called for the substitution of private charity for public welfare programs and Social Security, and
the abolition of the graduated income tax, and he voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Despite his loss in 1964, he is often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American
conservative political movement in the 1960s.
Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) and the "Sharon Statement" - ANS✔✔ An ideologically
conservative youth activism organization that flourished during the 1960s in order to advocate
for public policies consistent with their manifesto, which was adopted by young conservatives at
a meeting at the home of the conservative intellectual William F. Buckley in Sharon,
Connecticut, in 1962. Their manifesto summarized the beliefs that had circulated among
conservatives during the past decade--the free market underpinned "personal freedom,"
government must be strictly limited, and "international communism," the gravest threat to
liberty, must be destroyed.
The Selma Campaign - ANS✔✔ In order to spur the passage of a voting rights bill, Martin Luther
King launched this campaign in Selma, Alabama in 1965 (where only 355 of the 15,000 black
residents had been allowed to register to vote). Defying a ban by Governor George Wallace,
King attempted to lead a march from Selma to the state capital, Montgomery. When the
marchers crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, which lead out of the city, state police assaulted
them with cattle prods, whips, and tear gas. Once again, violence against nonviolent
demonstrators flashed across TV screens throughout the world, placing pressure of LBJ and
Congress to pass a voting right bill.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 - ANS✔✔ One of the last legislative triumphs of the Civil Rights
Movement, this law prohibited racial discrimination in voting. It outlawed literacy tests and
similar devices that were historically used to disenfranchise racial minorities, allowed federal
officials (as opposed to only local officials) to register voters, and prohibited every state and
local government from imposing any voting law that resulted in discrimination against racial or
language minorities. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 - ANS✔✔ One of the greatest legislative achievements of the Civil
Rights Movement, this law prohibited racial discrimination in employment, institutions like
hospitals and schools, and privately owned public accommodations such as restaurants, hotels,
and theaters. It also banned discrimination on the grounds of sex--a provision added by
opponents of civil rights in an effort to derail the entire bill and embraced by liberals and female
members of Congress as a way to broaden its scope.
Freedom Summer - ANS✔✔ Launched by a coalition of civil rights groups, this was a campaign
to register voters in Mississippi in the summer of 1964. Blacks had been cut off from voting in
Mississippi since the turn of the century due to barriers to voter registration and other laws. The
project also set up dozens of Freeterm-45dom Schools, Freedom Houses, and community
centers in small towns throughout Mississippi to aid the local black population. Hundreds of
white college students from the North traveled to the state to take part. An outpouring of
violence greeted the campaign, including 35 bombings and numerous beatings of civil rights
workers.
Goodman, Chaney, and Schwerner - ANS✔✔ Three young activists--two white students from
the North and one local black youth-- who were murdered for participating in Freedom
Summer. Kidnapped by a group headed by a deputy sheriff and murdered near Philadelphia,
Mississippi. Between 1961 and 1965, an estimated twenty-five black civil rights workers paid
with their lives. But the deaths of these two white students focused unprecedented attention
on Mississippi and on the apparent inability of the federal government to protect citizens
seeking to enjoy their constitutional rights.
Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP), 1964 - ANS✔✔ This was a temporary political
party created by the civil rights movement during Freedom Summer In order to challenge the
legitimacy of the regular Mississippi Democratic Party, which allowed participation only by
whites, when African Americans made up 40% of the state population. In one of the most
dramatic confrontations of the civil rights era, the delegates of this party attempted to take the
seats of the state's all-white official party at the 1964 Democratic National Convention.
, Barry Goldwater - ANS✔✔ A Libertarian Senator from Arizona who ran as the Republican
nominees for President in 1964 and lost badly to LBJ. He published an enormously popular book
The Conscience of a Conservative (1960), which articulated his libertarian philosophy. He
demanded more aggressive conduct in the Cold War and critiqued the New Deal welfare state
as a "danger to freedom," which he believed stifled individual initiative and independence. He
called for the substitution of private charity for public welfare programs and Social Security, and
the abolition of the graduated income tax, and he voted against the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
Despite his loss in 1964, he is often credited for sparking the resurgence of the American
conservative political movement in the 1960s.
Young Americans for Freedom (YAF) and the "Sharon Statement" - ANS✔✔ An ideologically
conservative youth activism organization that flourished during the 1960s in order to advocate
for public policies consistent with their manifesto, which was adopted by young conservatives at
a meeting at the home of the conservative intellectual William F. Buckley in Sharon,
Connecticut, in 1962. Their manifesto summarized the beliefs that had circulated among
conservatives during the past decade--the free market underpinned "personal freedom,"
government must be strictly limited, and "international communism," the gravest threat to
liberty, must be destroyed.
The Selma Campaign - ANS✔✔ In order to spur the passage of a voting rights bill, Martin Luther
King launched this campaign in Selma, Alabama in 1965 (where only 355 of the 15,000 black
residents had been allowed to register to vote). Defying a ban by Governor George Wallace,
King attempted to lead a march from Selma to the state capital, Montgomery. When the
marchers crossed the Edmund Pettus Bridge, which lead out of the city, state police assaulted
them with cattle prods, whips, and tear gas. Once again, violence against nonviolent
demonstrators flashed across TV screens throughout the world, placing pressure of LBJ and
Congress to pass a voting right bill.
The Voting Rights Act of 1965 - ANS✔✔ One of the last legislative triumphs of the Civil Rights
Movement, this law prohibited racial discrimination in voting. It outlawed literacy tests and
similar devices that were historically used to disenfranchise racial minorities, allowed federal
officials (as opposed to only local officials) to register voters, and prohibited every state and
local government from imposing any voting law that resulted in discrimination against racial or
language minorities. Designed to enforce the voting rights guaranteed by the Fourteenth and
