EEG/CLTM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
GRADED A+
oolfaction, or smell Where is the hippocampus located? - Temporal lobe, responsible for learning and
memory
What is the amygdala responsible for? - Long term emotional, processing of memory, the amygdalae are
considered part of the limbic system. Located in Temporal Lobe
Foramen Ovale Electrodes - Used to diagnose mesial temporal lobe epilepsy without penetration of the
skull. These are 1 to 4 contact flexible platinum wires inserted by needle thru the cheek in the ambient
cistern with the help of an X-ray
Todd's Paralysis - Paralysis or weakness in a part of the body after a seizure. This weakness typically
affects arms or legs, but may also affect speech, eye position or vision. usually subsides completely
within 48 hours.
Rasmussen's Encepholopathy - Rare, chronic focal encephalitis, characterized by frequent severe
seizures, loss of motor skills and speech, hemiparesis, and dementia. The illness affects a single cerebral
hemisphere and generally occurs in children under the age of 15.
SUDEP - defined as the sudden and unexpected, non-traumatic and non-drowning death of a person
with epilepsy without a known cause.
Current CPR chest compressions - 30 to 2, or 100 per minute for adults. And 15 to 2 for children
Hip Thrusting - #1 Characteristic of Non epileptic events
Gelastic Seizures - Are associated with several different conditions, but mainly hypothalamic
hamartomas. Characterized by sudden outbursts of Laughter, crying or cough for no apparent or
appropriate reason.
Cataplexy - A sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness, with full conscious awareness, typically
triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, terror, etc. It is the cardinal symptom of narcolepsy
Frontal lobe - complex automatisms arise from what lobe?
Cortical Dysplasia - A congenital abnormality where the neurons in an area of the brain failed to migrate
in the proper formation in utero, commonly found near the cerebral cortex and is associated with
seizures
Lennox Gastaut - Onset between age 2 & 6. characterized by frequent seizures of different types; is often
accompanied by developmental delay, psychological and behavioral problems. About half of patients will
have status. interictal EEG shows slow spike-wave complexes.
,Keppra - Levetiracetam: used for partial seizures, or as an adjunctive therapy for partial, myoclonic and
tonic-clonic seizures.
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
(JME) - Seen in ages 12 to 18, brief involuntary muscle twitching in the morning. Most have generalized
seizures, many also have absence seizures. Treated with Depakote (Valproic Acid). EEG shows generalized
3-4 Hz polyspike and slow wave discharges. Often provoked by Photic and HV
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy - Recurrent, unprovoked seizures which originate from the temporal lobe.
Seizures involve sensory changes; such as smelling an unusual odor that is not there, or a memory
disturbance. The most common cause is mesial temporal sclerosis. Surgery can be complicated by
decreased cognitive function.
Simple Partial Seizures - Are seizures involving small areas of the temporal lobe such as the amygdala
and hippocampus. There is no impairment to the level of consciousness.
Complex Partial seizures - seizures which impair LOC. They usually begin with a single partial seizure,
then spread to a larger portion of the temporal lobe. may include motionless staring, automatic
movements of the hands or mouth, inability to respond, unusual speech, or other unusual behaviors
Deep brain stimulation - neurosurgical procedure involving the implantation of a medical device called a
brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to specific parts of the
brain (brain nucleus) for the treatment of movement and affective disorders
Ketogenic Diet - A high fat, low-carb diet used to treat intractable seizures in children. The diet forces the
liver to convert fat into ketone bodies, which replace glucose as an energy source. The elevated level of
ketone bodies leads to a reduction in seizures. May help Lenox Gastaut.
Wada test - Used to determine hemispheric dominance, is conducted with the patient awake. Sodium
amobarbital is injected into one of the internal carotid arteries one hemisphere at a time to assess
language and memory function.
Hemispherectomy - removal or a functional disconnection of most, or all of, one half of the cerebrum. It
is reserved for people with the most catastrophic epilepsies, such as those due to Rasmussen syndrome.
Frontal lobe - Hyper motor behavior comes from what lobe?
Pentobarbital - The brand name for this drug is Nembutal, also has an application in reducing intracranial
pressure in Reye's syndrome, traumatic brain injury and induction of coma in cerebral ischemia patients.
Visual Cortex - The region of the cortex occupying the entire surface of the occipital lobe, & composed of
Brodmanns areas 17-19. It receives visual data from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
Hyperkinetic Disorders - Are movement disorders characterized by increased uncontrollable motor
function. They are caused by reduced basal ganglia output. For example: Huntington's disease
Frontal Lobe Epilepsy - Hypermotor Behavior
, Multiple Subpial Transection. (MST) - Frontal lobe epilepsy. involves making a series of cuts around the
focal region. This interrupts neuronal synchronization and spike propagation. Used if focal region is in
eloquent cortex. "like dragging a rake over cortex". Used in Landau Kleffner Syndrome.
Auditory Cortex - Located in the temporal lobe, is the primary receptive area for sound information. The
auditory cortex is composed of Brodmann areas 41 and 42, also known as the anterior transverse
temporal area 41 and the posterior transverse temporal area 42
Primary Olfactory Cortex - temporal lobe, the primary olfactory cortex is the primary receptive area for
Gustatory Cortex - primary receptive area for taste, or gustation. Frontal lobe
Sinus oTachycardia ooccurs oduring owhat oseizure? o- oSeizures oof othe oTemporal olobe
How omany oseizures oneeded oto odiagnose oepilepsy? o- o2 ounprovoked oseizures oon oseparate ooccasions
Vagal oNerve oStimulation o- oBest ofor oPartial oSeizures. oAlso oused ofor otreatment oresistant odepression.
oIs ostimulation oof o10th ocranial onerve oto ohelp ocontrol oseizures oand ostabilize omood.
Ischemia o- osubarachnoid ohemorrhage ocan ocause?
JCAHO ofall oprevention o- oIncludes oseizure opads, obed orails, oand ominimal orestraints
Collodion ois omade ofrom? o- oNitrocellulose, oethyl oether, oand oethanol
Ohtahara osyndrome o- oAKA oEarly oInfantile oEpileptic oEncephalopathy owith oBurst-Suppression, oan
oextremely odebilitating oprogressive oneurological odisorder, oinvolving ointractable oseizures oand osevere
omental oretardation.
Angelman's oSyndrome o- osevere ointellectual oand odevelopmental odisability, osleep odisturbance,
oseizures, ojerky omovements o(especially ohand-flapping), ofrequent olaughter oor osmiling, oand ousually oa
ohappy odemeanor. oSeizure oonset ousually oprior oto oage o3. oEEG oshows ohigh oamplitude oslow-spike oand
owave. o"Happy oPuppet"
Tuberous oSclerosis o- ogenetic odisease oin owhich obenign otumors oform oin othe obrain oand oon oother ovital
oorgans osuch oas othe okidneys, oheart, oeyes, olungs, oand oskin. oA ocombination oof osymptoms omay
oinclude oseizures, ointellectual odisability, odevelopmental odelay, obehavioral oproblems, oskin
oabnormalities, olung oand okidney odisease.
West's oSyndrome o- oIs othe otriad oof oinfantile ospasms, ohypsarrhythmia, oand odevelopmental oregression.
oIs otreated owith oACTH oor oVigabatrin, oEEG opattern obest oseen owhen opatient ois oawake.
Depakote o- oValproic oAcid. oUsed oto otreat ojuvenile omyoclonic oepilepsy. oIs omost oeffective oAED ofor
ogeneralized oseizures, obut ohas osignificant oside oeffects
Lamotrigine o- oLamictal o- ofirst oline odrug ofor oprimary ogeneralized otonic-clonic oseizures, oincluding
osimple opartial, ocomplex opartial oand osecondarily ogeneralized oseizures. oAlso oused oto otreat oLennox
oGaustaut.
GRADED A+
oolfaction, or smell Where is the hippocampus located? - Temporal lobe, responsible for learning and
memory
What is the amygdala responsible for? - Long term emotional, processing of memory, the amygdalae are
considered part of the limbic system. Located in Temporal Lobe
Foramen Ovale Electrodes - Used to diagnose mesial temporal lobe epilepsy without penetration of the
skull. These are 1 to 4 contact flexible platinum wires inserted by needle thru the cheek in the ambient
cistern with the help of an X-ray
Todd's Paralysis - Paralysis or weakness in a part of the body after a seizure. This weakness typically
affects arms or legs, but may also affect speech, eye position or vision. usually subsides completely
within 48 hours.
Rasmussen's Encepholopathy - Rare, chronic focal encephalitis, characterized by frequent severe
seizures, loss of motor skills and speech, hemiparesis, and dementia. The illness affects a single cerebral
hemisphere and generally occurs in children under the age of 15.
SUDEP - defined as the sudden and unexpected, non-traumatic and non-drowning death of a person
with epilepsy without a known cause.
Current CPR chest compressions - 30 to 2, or 100 per minute for adults. And 15 to 2 for children
Hip Thrusting - #1 Characteristic of Non epileptic events
Gelastic Seizures - Are associated with several different conditions, but mainly hypothalamic
hamartomas. Characterized by sudden outbursts of Laughter, crying or cough for no apparent or
appropriate reason.
Cataplexy - A sudden and transient episode of muscle weakness, with full conscious awareness, typically
triggered by emotions such as laughing, crying, terror, etc. It is the cardinal symptom of narcolepsy
Frontal lobe - complex automatisms arise from what lobe?
Cortical Dysplasia - A congenital abnormality where the neurons in an area of the brain failed to migrate
in the proper formation in utero, commonly found near the cerebral cortex and is associated with
seizures
Lennox Gastaut - Onset between age 2 & 6. characterized by frequent seizures of different types; is often
accompanied by developmental delay, psychological and behavioral problems. About half of patients will
have status. interictal EEG shows slow spike-wave complexes.
,Keppra - Levetiracetam: used for partial seizures, or as an adjunctive therapy for partial, myoclonic and
tonic-clonic seizures.
Juvenile Myoclonic Epilepsy
(JME) - Seen in ages 12 to 18, brief involuntary muscle twitching in the morning. Most have generalized
seizures, many also have absence seizures. Treated with Depakote (Valproic Acid). EEG shows generalized
3-4 Hz polyspike and slow wave discharges. Often provoked by Photic and HV
Temporal Lobe Epilepsy - Recurrent, unprovoked seizures which originate from the temporal lobe.
Seizures involve sensory changes; such as smelling an unusual odor that is not there, or a memory
disturbance. The most common cause is mesial temporal sclerosis. Surgery can be complicated by
decreased cognitive function.
Simple Partial Seizures - Are seizures involving small areas of the temporal lobe such as the amygdala
and hippocampus. There is no impairment to the level of consciousness.
Complex Partial seizures - seizures which impair LOC. They usually begin with a single partial seizure,
then spread to a larger portion of the temporal lobe. may include motionless staring, automatic
movements of the hands or mouth, inability to respond, unusual speech, or other unusual behaviors
Deep brain stimulation - neurosurgical procedure involving the implantation of a medical device called a
brain pacemaker, which sends electrical impulses, through implanted electrodes, to specific parts of the
brain (brain nucleus) for the treatment of movement and affective disorders
Ketogenic Diet - A high fat, low-carb diet used to treat intractable seizures in children. The diet forces the
liver to convert fat into ketone bodies, which replace glucose as an energy source. The elevated level of
ketone bodies leads to a reduction in seizures. May help Lenox Gastaut.
Wada test - Used to determine hemispheric dominance, is conducted with the patient awake. Sodium
amobarbital is injected into one of the internal carotid arteries one hemisphere at a time to assess
language and memory function.
Hemispherectomy - removal or a functional disconnection of most, or all of, one half of the cerebrum. It
is reserved for people with the most catastrophic epilepsies, such as those due to Rasmussen syndrome.
Frontal lobe - Hyper motor behavior comes from what lobe?
Pentobarbital - The brand name for this drug is Nembutal, also has an application in reducing intracranial
pressure in Reye's syndrome, traumatic brain injury and induction of coma in cerebral ischemia patients.
Visual Cortex - The region of the cortex occupying the entire surface of the occipital lobe, & composed of
Brodmanns areas 17-19. It receives visual data from the lateral geniculate body of the thalamus
Hyperkinetic Disorders - Are movement disorders characterized by increased uncontrollable motor
function. They are caused by reduced basal ganglia output. For example: Huntington's disease
Frontal Lobe Epilepsy - Hypermotor Behavior
, Multiple Subpial Transection. (MST) - Frontal lobe epilepsy. involves making a series of cuts around the
focal region. This interrupts neuronal synchronization and spike propagation. Used if focal region is in
eloquent cortex. "like dragging a rake over cortex". Used in Landau Kleffner Syndrome.
Auditory Cortex - Located in the temporal lobe, is the primary receptive area for sound information. The
auditory cortex is composed of Brodmann areas 41 and 42, also known as the anterior transverse
temporal area 41 and the posterior transverse temporal area 42
Primary Olfactory Cortex - temporal lobe, the primary olfactory cortex is the primary receptive area for
Gustatory Cortex - primary receptive area for taste, or gustation. Frontal lobe
Sinus oTachycardia ooccurs oduring owhat oseizure? o- oSeizures oof othe oTemporal olobe
How omany oseizures oneeded oto odiagnose oepilepsy? o- o2 ounprovoked oseizures oon oseparate ooccasions
Vagal oNerve oStimulation o- oBest ofor oPartial oSeizures. oAlso oused ofor otreatment oresistant odepression.
oIs ostimulation oof o10th ocranial onerve oto ohelp ocontrol oseizures oand ostabilize omood.
Ischemia o- osubarachnoid ohemorrhage ocan ocause?
JCAHO ofall oprevention o- oIncludes oseizure opads, obed orails, oand ominimal orestraints
Collodion ois omade ofrom? o- oNitrocellulose, oethyl oether, oand oethanol
Ohtahara osyndrome o- oAKA oEarly oInfantile oEpileptic oEncephalopathy owith oBurst-Suppression, oan
oextremely odebilitating oprogressive oneurological odisorder, oinvolving ointractable oseizures oand osevere
omental oretardation.
Angelman's oSyndrome o- osevere ointellectual oand odevelopmental odisability, osleep odisturbance,
oseizures, ojerky omovements o(especially ohand-flapping), ofrequent olaughter oor osmiling, oand ousually oa
ohappy odemeanor. oSeizure oonset ousually oprior oto oage o3. oEEG oshows ohigh oamplitude oslow-spike oand
owave. o"Happy oPuppet"
Tuberous oSclerosis o- ogenetic odisease oin owhich obenign otumors oform oin othe obrain oand oon oother ovital
oorgans osuch oas othe okidneys, oheart, oeyes, olungs, oand oskin. oA ocombination oof osymptoms omay
oinclude oseizures, ointellectual odisability, odevelopmental odelay, obehavioral oproblems, oskin
oabnormalities, olung oand okidney odisease.
West's oSyndrome o- oIs othe otriad oof oinfantile ospasms, ohypsarrhythmia, oand odevelopmental oregression.
oIs otreated owith oACTH oor oVigabatrin, oEEG opattern obest oseen owhen opatient ois oawake.
Depakote o- oValproic oAcid. oUsed oto otreat ojuvenile omyoclonic oepilepsy. oIs omost oeffective oAED ofor
ogeneralized oseizures, obut ohas osignificant oside oeffects
Lamotrigine o- oLamictal o- ofirst oline odrug ofor oprimary ogeneralized otonic-clonic oseizures, oincluding
osimple opartial, ocomplex opartial oand osecondarily ogeneralized oseizures. oAlso oused oto otreat oLennox
oGaustaut.
