Lecture 1: The Adolescent Brain
Video about what adolescents think about how the brain
works.
-> they're very visual, but they don't seem to have thought many
things through. They don't really think about the perspectives of
others well
Bring adolescent development into a neuroscientific
perspective, bridging neural and social emotional and
cognitive development.
Use neuroscientific theories to explain adolescent
development.
QUIZ
Q1. The following methods were the first that studied the brain,
and were established in the 19th century. Which methods yielded
valuable knowledge about the brain that is still valid/being used?
1. Post-mortem studies
2. Phrenology
3. Lesion studies
Why not phrenology? It's a localization theory that is inaccurate,
developed by poor mr. Gall. It's important to realise that he did
bring about the idea of localized function theory.
Post-mortem studies: This is how Broca and Wernicke found their
areas.
Lesion studies: Think of Phineas Gage. Medial prefrontal cortex
and orbitofrontal cortex damage leads to a total personality
gage.
How do we study the brain
Q2. The brain consists of several anatomically distinguishable
lobes. In the picture we can see the:
, 1. Frontal Lobe
2. Occipital Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Parietal lobe
5. Medial Lobe
6. Cerebellum
Q3. The brain consists of gyri and sulci to increase the surface of
the cortex. Which is which in this picture?
1. 1= gyrus, 2= sulcus
2. 1= sulcus 2= gyrus
Q4. For each of the following statements, indicate whether it
applies to white matter (WM) or gray matter (GM) in the brain
Connections between brain areas
Consists of neuronal cell bodies
Surface of cerebral cortex & cerebellum
Is myelinated
In subcortical structures
, 1. WM = 1+2+4; GM = 3+5
2. WM = 1+4 ; GM = 2+3+5
3. WM = 2+3+5 ; GM = 1+4
4. WM = 1+4+5; GM = 2+3
Q5. Which part of the neuron enables enhanced/optimal
neurotransmission?
1. Axon
2. Synpase
3. Glia
4. Myoline
5. Neutrostransmitter
6. Myelin
7. Dendrite
8. Synapse
9. Soma
Q6. Which part of a neuron conducts electrical impulses?
1. Axon
2. Synpase
3. Glia
4. Myoline
5. Neutrostransmitter
6. Myelin
7. Dendrite
8. Synapse
9. Soma
Q7. With age, there are changes in brain function, but no changes
in brain structure
1. Yes
2. No
Q8. Who has more brain cells?
, 1. An 11 year old
2. An 80 year old
Q9. What happens with grey matter during adolescence?
1. It increases
2. It decreases
By the age of 8, the brain size is about 80% of the adult size. One
of the biggest changes that happen in the brain of growing
children are the increasing amount of connections between brain
cells, and there is an increase in myelination of the cortex.
Therefor, white matter increases. Gray matter decreases though.
First it increases, then it decreases. Why is this decrease not
linear? Well there is synaptogenesis, an increase in synapses. But
there's also pruning, where excess synapses are eliminated.
Q10. What is the pattern of structural change in the brain
1. From back to front
2. From front to back
3. Currently unknown
The amount of gray matter decreases in the more back areas (so
occipital lobe ->parietal lobe -> frontal lobe) first, and only then
starts to decrease in the more frontal areas.
Q11. FMRI technique on which of the following signals?
1. EEG (Electroencephalography)
2. REM (Rapid eye Movement)
3. BOLD( Blood-Oxygen Level dependent)
4. MEG ( Magnetoencephalography )
MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging makes images of the brain
structure
FMRI - functional, shows activity.
Indirect measure of brain activity. As soon as you use an area, it
will require blood, usually oxygenated. There will be changing
Video about what adolescents think about how the brain
works.
-> they're very visual, but they don't seem to have thought many
things through. They don't really think about the perspectives of
others well
Bring adolescent development into a neuroscientific
perspective, bridging neural and social emotional and
cognitive development.
Use neuroscientific theories to explain adolescent
development.
QUIZ
Q1. The following methods were the first that studied the brain,
and were established in the 19th century. Which methods yielded
valuable knowledge about the brain that is still valid/being used?
1. Post-mortem studies
2. Phrenology
3. Lesion studies
Why not phrenology? It's a localization theory that is inaccurate,
developed by poor mr. Gall. It's important to realise that he did
bring about the idea of localized function theory.
Post-mortem studies: This is how Broca and Wernicke found their
areas.
Lesion studies: Think of Phineas Gage. Medial prefrontal cortex
and orbitofrontal cortex damage leads to a total personality
gage.
How do we study the brain
Q2. The brain consists of several anatomically distinguishable
lobes. In the picture we can see the:
, 1. Frontal Lobe
2. Occipital Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Parietal lobe
5. Medial Lobe
6. Cerebellum
Q3. The brain consists of gyri and sulci to increase the surface of
the cortex. Which is which in this picture?
1. 1= gyrus, 2= sulcus
2. 1= sulcus 2= gyrus
Q4. For each of the following statements, indicate whether it
applies to white matter (WM) or gray matter (GM) in the brain
Connections between brain areas
Consists of neuronal cell bodies
Surface of cerebral cortex & cerebellum
Is myelinated
In subcortical structures
, 1. WM = 1+2+4; GM = 3+5
2. WM = 1+4 ; GM = 2+3+5
3. WM = 2+3+5 ; GM = 1+4
4. WM = 1+4+5; GM = 2+3
Q5. Which part of the neuron enables enhanced/optimal
neurotransmission?
1. Axon
2. Synpase
3. Glia
4. Myoline
5. Neutrostransmitter
6. Myelin
7. Dendrite
8. Synapse
9. Soma
Q6. Which part of a neuron conducts electrical impulses?
1. Axon
2. Synpase
3. Glia
4. Myoline
5. Neutrostransmitter
6. Myelin
7. Dendrite
8. Synapse
9. Soma
Q7. With age, there are changes in brain function, but no changes
in brain structure
1. Yes
2. No
Q8. Who has more brain cells?
, 1. An 11 year old
2. An 80 year old
Q9. What happens with grey matter during adolescence?
1. It increases
2. It decreases
By the age of 8, the brain size is about 80% of the adult size. One
of the biggest changes that happen in the brain of growing
children are the increasing amount of connections between brain
cells, and there is an increase in myelination of the cortex.
Therefor, white matter increases. Gray matter decreases though.
First it increases, then it decreases. Why is this decrease not
linear? Well there is synaptogenesis, an increase in synapses. But
there's also pruning, where excess synapses are eliminated.
Q10. What is the pattern of structural change in the brain
1. From back to front
2. From front to back
3. Currently unknown
The amount of gray matter decreases in the more back areas (so
occipital lobe ->parietal lobe -> frontal lobe) first, and only then
starts to decrease in the more frontal areas.
Q11. FMRI technique on which of the following signals?
1. EEG (Electroencephalography)
2. REM (Rapid eye Movement)
3. BOLD( Blood-Oxygen Level dependent)
4. MEG ( Magnetoencephalography )
MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging makes images of the brain
structure
FMRI - functional, shows activity.
Indirect measure of brain activity. As soon as you use an area, it
will require blood, usually oxygenated. There will be changing
