Biology 1 - Cells
The basic biological principle of structure and
function
- All organisms originated from unicellular living organisms that lived 3.9 billion years ago
- → all living organisms, biological systems, and phenomena are interrelated
- Evolutions is the driving force of the origin and the development of life
- → one can find many shared features in the vast diversity of biological systems, living
organisms, and processes. These shared features are called basic biological principles
- BBP: structure and function → explanation: with all biological structures, the connection
between form and function can be seen (“form follows function”) → ex.: orangutan has
long arms + good gripping ⇒ adaption for climbing
Cell Theory (NOT IMPORTANT FOR THE TEST)
Three parts of the cell theory:
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
- All cells come from existing cells
Robert Hooke named the cell
Theodor Schwann realized that all animals are made up of cells, by studying samples under a
microscope.
Rudolf Virchow claimed that new cells originate from old cells
Different microscope (light + electron)
- Back in time, people could look at cells and later on their organelles as well. With the
help of a microscope, people could observe certain processes in a cell.
- Electron Microscope
- TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope
- Interior design (1D), looks at organelles inside a cell
- Works similar to the light microscope
- Passing electrons through thin specimen
- Electromagnetic lenses
- Specimen needs to be stained so that different parts show up clearly
- SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope
- Appears to be a 3D, picture of the surface
- Electron beam scans the surface, which is usually coated with a thin film
of gold
- Black, white, and gray
, - Preparation procedure:
- Freezing: Cells are frozen by cooling them to -150-180 °C
- Fracturing: The material is broken with a glass knife because it’s
non-reactive
- Etching: Ice is subsequently removed via freeze drying
- Sloped Metallization: The object is coated with platinum (non-reactive)
- Cleaning the Cast: The platinum coat is taken off and this cast is cleaned
Animal and Plant Cell
-
The basic biological principle of structure and
function
- All organisms originated from unicellular living organisms that lived 3.9 billion years ago
- → all living organisms, biological systems, and phenomena are interrelated
- Evolutions is the driving force of the origin and the development of life
- → one can find many shared features in the vast diversity of biological systems, living
organisms, and processes. These shared features are called basic biological principles
- BBP: structure and function → explanation: with all biological structures, the connection
between form and function can be seen (“form follows function”) → ex.: orangutan has
long arms + good gripping ⇒ adaption for climbing
Cell Theory (NOT IMPORTANT FOR THE TEST)
Three parts of the cell theory:
- All organisms are composed of one or more cells
- The cell is the basic unit of structure and organization in organisms
- All cells come from existing cells
Robert Hooke named the cell
Theodor Schwann realized that all animals are made up of cells, by studying samples under a
microscope.
Rudolf Virchow claimed that new cells originate from old cells
Different microscope (light + electron)
- Back in time, people could look at cells and later on their organelles as well. With the
help of a microscope, people could observe certain processes in a cell.
- Electron Microscope
- TEM: Transmission Electron Microscope
- Interior design (1D), looks at organelles inside a cell
- Works similar to the light microscope
- Passing electrons through thin specimen
- Electromagnetic lenses
- Specimen needs to be stained so that different parts show up clearly
- SEM: Scanning Electron Microscope
- Appears to be a 3D, picture of the surface
- Electron beam scans the surface, which is usually coated with a thin film
of gold
- Black, white, and gray
, - Preparation procedure:
- Freezing: Cells are frozen by cooling them to -150-180 °C
- Fracturing: The material is broken with a glass knife because it’s
non-reactive
- Etching: Ice is subsequently removed via freeze drying
- Sloped Metallization: The object is coated with platinum (non-reactive)
- Cleaning the Cast: The platinum coat is taken off and this cast is cleaned
Animal and Plant Cell
-
