Final Exam Study Guide - Recently Updated Verified

Final Exam Study Guide - Recently Updated Verified There are six levels of organization of the body- what are they? - answer - chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ systems, organism The necessary life function that protects our internal environment from our external environment is provided by what system? - answer - Integumentary system The function of movement is provided by what system? - answer - Muscular system The function of responsiveness is provided by what system? - answer - Nervous system The function of digestion is provided by what system? - answer - Digestive system? What is anabolism? - answer - making more complex cellular structures from simpler ones What is catabolism? - answer - breaking down complex cellular structures into simpler ones Excretion involves what systems? - answer - Urinary, respiratory, digestive The reproductive system is controlled by what other system? - answer - Endocrine system Which tissue covers the body surface and lines the cavities of the body? - answer - Epithelial tissue Name the three steps in cellular respiration - answer - 1) glycolysis 2) citric acid cycle 3) electron transport chain What is the purpose of ATP? - answer - ATP is a very energy rich molecule that powers the cellular activities allowing cells to carry out their necessary functions Epithelial cells perform what types of functions? - answer - Secretion and absorption. These cells are under constant cell division to replace dead cells that shed away What are the four basic tissue types? - answer - Epithelial, connective, nervous, and muscular Toward or at the surface of the body is known as what direction? - answer - Superficial Away from the surface of the body is known as what direction? - answer - Deep Between a more medial and lateral structure is what orientation? - answer - Intermediate Toward or at the midline of the body or at the inner side of is what direction? - answer - Medial Away from the head or toward the lower part of a structure of the body, is what direction? - answer - Inferior Toward the head end or upper part of a structure (above) is what direction? - answer - Superior Toward or at the front of the body is what direction? - answer - Anterior (ventral) Is the knee proximal or distal to the pelvis? - answer - Distal Is the elbow proximal or distal to the hand? - answer - Proximal Toward or at the back of the body is what direction? - answer - Posterior (dorsal) Closing of a joint is which action? - answer - Flexion Opening of a joint is which action? - answer - Extension In anatomical position, are the hands in supination or pronation? - answer - Supination Why are the hands in supination? - answer - Because the bones of the forearm (radius/ulna) are uncrossed in the supinated position Define depression and elevation - answer - Depression: downward movement of a structure; Elevation: upward movement of a structure Define protraction and retraction - answer - Protraction: movement of a structure in the anterior direction; Retraction: movement of a structure in the posterior direction Look at the figure of the right elbow. What is the demonstrated action (in the direction of the arrow)? - answer - Extension Look at the figure below of the right hand. A person standing in anatomical position moves their right wrist laterally towards the radius. What is this action called (towards label A)? - answer - Radial deviation This body division includes the head, neck, and trunk? - answer - Axial division This is a vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts - answer - Sagittal plane These planes lie vertically and divide the body into anterior and posterior parts - answer - Frontal plane A transverse plane divides the body into these two parts: - answer - Superior and inferior These cuts/sections are made diagonally between the horizontal and vertical planes. - answer - Oblique This body cavity protects the nervous system. - answer - Dorsal cavity