GENETICS FROM GENES TO GENOMES
EXAM SCRIPT VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS COMPLETE REVIEW MATERIAL
●● acrocentric
Answer: a chromosome in which the centromere is close to one end
●● amniocentesis
Answer: medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is taken
from a pregnant woman to determine the condition of an unborn baby. A
hollow needle is inserted through the woman's abdomen and uterine
wall, and the fluid, which contains cells shed by the embryo is drawn
off.
●● anaphase 1
Answer: phase of meiosis 1 during which the chiasmata joining
homologous chromosomes dissolve, allowing maternal and paternal
homologs to move toward opposite spindle poles; the centromeres do
not divide so that the chromosome moving toward the poles each consist
of two chromatids.
●● anaphase 2
Answer: phase of meiosis 2 when the dismantling of cohesin complexes
allows sister chromatids to move to opposite spindle poles.
,●● astral microtubules
Answer: short, unstable microtubules that extend out form a centrosome
toward the cell's periphery to stabilize the mitotic spindle.
●● autosomes
Answer: a chromosome not involved in sex determination. The diploid
human genome consists of 46 chromosomes , 22 pairs of autosomes and
1 pair of sex chromosomes. (x & y)
●● bivalent
Answer: a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes during prophase
of meiosis 1.
●● cell cycle
Answer: repeating pattern of cell growth, replication of genetic material
and mitosis.
●● cell plate
Answer: membrane-enclosed disk that forms inside a plant cell near the
equator of the mitotic spindle and grows rapidly outward to divide the
cell in two during cytokinesis.
●● centrioles
, Answer: short cylindrical structures that help organize microtubules.
Two centrioles at right angles to each other form the core of a
centrosome. Each centrosome serves as a pole of the miotic spindle.
●● centromere
Answer: a specialized chromosome region at which sister chromatids are
connected and to which spindle fibers attach during cell division
●● centrosome
Answer: microtubule organizing centers at the poles of the spindle
apparatus.
●● checkpoints
Answer: mechanisms that prevent cells from continuing to the next
phase of the cell cycle until a previous stop has been successfully
complete, thus safeguarding genomic integrity
●● chiasmata
Answer: observable regions in which nonsister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes cross over.
●● chromatid
Answer: one of two copies of a chromosome that exist immediately after
DNA replication.
EXAM SCRIPT VERIFIED QUESTIONS AND
SOLUTIONS COMPLETE REVIEW MATERIAL
●● acrocentric
Answer: a chromosome in which the centromere is close to one end
●● amniocentesis
Answer: medical procedure in which a sample of amniotic fluid is taken
from a pregnant woman to determine the condition of an unborn baby. A
hollow needle is inserted through the woman's abdomen and uterine
wall, and the fluid, which contains cells shed by the embryo is drawn
off.
●● anaphase 1
Answer: phase of meiosis 1 during which the chiasmata joining
homologous chromosomes dissolve, allowing maternal and paternal
homologs to move toward opposite spindle poles; the centromeres do
not divide so that the chromosome moving toward the poles each consist
of two chromatids.
●● anaphase 2
Answer: phase of meiosis 2 when the dismantling of cohesin complexes
allows sister chromatids to move to opposite spindle poles.
,●● astral microtubules
Answer: short, unstable microtubules that extend out form a centrosome
toward the cell's periphery to stabilize the mitotic spindle.
●● autosomes
Answer: a chromosome not involved in sex determination. The diploid
human genome consists of 46 chromosomes , 22 pairs of autosomes and
1 pair of sex chromosomes. (x & y)
●● bivalent
Answer: a pair of synapsed homologous chromosomes during prophase
of meiosis 1.
●● cell cycle
Answer: repeating pattern of cell growth, replication of genetic material
and mitosis.
●● cell plate
Answer: membrane-enclosed disk that forms inside a plant cell near the
equator of the mitotic spindle and grows rapidly outward to divide the
cell in two during cytokinesis.
●● centrioles
, Answer: short cylindrical structures that help organize microtubules.
Two centrioles at right angles to each other form the core of a
centrosome. Each centrosome serves as a pole of the miotic spindle.
●● centromere
Answer: a specialized chromosome region at which sister chromatids are
connected and to which spindle fibers attach during cell division
●● centrosome
Answer: microtubule organizing centers at the poles of the spindle
apparatus.
●● checkpoints
Answer: mechanisms that prevent cells from continuing to the next
phase of the cell cycle until a previous stop has been successfully
complete, thus safeguarding genomic integrity
●● chiasmata
Answer: observable regions in which nonsister chromatids of
homologous chromosomes cross over.
●● chromatid
Answer: one of two copies of a chromosome that exist immediately after
DNA replication.
