Samenvatting 'Grammar Lab' Year 1

Grammar Samenvatting
Articles a/an or the (voorzetsels)

a/an + singular noun No article + plural noun No article + uncountable
noun
Is there a café there? Sandwiches aren’t expensive. I don’t like music.
(any kind of café) (Sandwiches in general, all sandwiches) (Music in general, all music)

Demonstratives this, these, those

Near / Now Far / Then
singular This That
plural These Those


Possessive forms of nouns

Singular noun + ‘s Jane’s apartment
Names that end in -s ‘ or ‘s James’s school
Plural nouns that end in -s ‘ Boys’ team
Plural noun (irregular) + ‘s Children’s dinner

Possessive adjectives and pronouns

Singular Plural
Subject pronouns I You He She It We You They
Possessive adjectives My Your His Her its Our Your their
Possessive pronouns Mine Yours His Hers - Ours Yours theirs

Pronouns one/ones; another/ the other (one)

We use this/that/these/those + one(s) to talk about particular things, and which one(s) to ask about
them:
- The best computer games are the most powerful ones.
- I’d better get some powerful ones.

We use another (one) when:
- We talk about one more thing of the same type:
That game was really good fun, let’s play another one.
- We talk about a different thing of the same type:
I don’t like this sweater, let’s change it for another one.

Reflexive and other pronouns

Herself = Reflexive pronoun.
We use this when:
- The subject and object in the sentence are the same thing ‘She calls herself.’
- You want to emphasise the subject of the sentence ‘Why do I have to do everything myself?’

,Some, any, all, most, no, none of

We use some and any + noun when we don’t know the exact number/amount, or it is not important:
- We’ve got some vegetables. Have we got any milk?
 We usually use some in positive sentences and any in negative sentences.
 We can use some and any without a noun, when the topic is clear.
 We can use any to mean ‘It doesn’t matter which.’

We can use all, most, some, and no before the subject or object in sentence.
- They go before plural or uncountable nouns:
Some fish is expensive. No sugary food is good for you.
- We use all (of), most of, some of and none of for particular people or things
All of the vegetables in this soup are fresh.

Indefinite pronouns

We use indefinite pronouns to talk about a person, thing or place, when we don’t know who or what
they are, or it is not important.

People Things Places
Someone/somebody Something Somewhere
Anyone/anybody Anything Anywhere
Everyone/everybody Everything Everywhere
No one/nobody Nothing nowhere

Much, many, a lot of, (a) little, (a) few

We use this to talk about a large amount; we don’t know the exact amount.
- We usually use much and many in negative sentences and questions
We haven’t got much water.
- We use a lot of or lots of in positive and negative sentences and questions
I’ve got a lot to do today.
We can use these words without a noun, when it is clear what we are talking about.

Both, either, neither; each, every

+ noun + of + the/those/my etc. + noun + (noun) + verb (as a subject)
Both Both dishes Both the dishes/both of the dishes Both (dishes) are tasty
Either Either dish Either of the dishes Either (dish) is tasty
Neither Neither dish Neither of the dishes Neither (dish) is tasty
Each Each dish Each (one) of the dishes Each (dish) is tasty
every Every dish Every one of the dishes Every dish is tasty

General form and use; prepositions

Place That’s my bike – the one against the wall.
Movement Go across the bridge and into the station.
Time My grandfather was in hospital during the last days of the war.
Means You can contact us by phone or email.
Instrument Please complete the form with a black pen.
Purpose These little hooks are used for hanging pictures on the wall.

, Adjectives with nouns and verbs; -ed an –ing forms

Adjectives give more information about nouns. They don’t change form. Adjectives usually come
before a noun. (a white lamb)
We can put two or more adjectives before a noun. We usually don’t use and between two
adjectives, only when the adjectives describe two colors or two similar qualities. (black and white)

We can use adjectives after the verbs be, appear, become, get, feel, look, seem and taste.
I’m getting tired. The lambs are lovely. Our new teacher seems nice.

When you use more adjectives than one, you put them in a specific order:
Opinion Size Shape Age Colour Origin Material Type/purpose Noun
Valuable Large Round Italian Bedroom Mirror
An old Red Silk Wedding dress

Comparison of adjectives

Comparative Superlative (more than two)
Adjectives with one syllable Add –(e)r: Add –(e)st:
Large  larger Large  the largest
small  smaller Small  the smallest
Adjectives with two or more Use more/less + adjective: Use the most/the least + adjective:
syllables Useful  more/less useful Useful  the most useful
Expensive  more/less expensive Expensive  the most expensive
Irregular adjectives Bad  worse Bad  the worst
Good  better Good  the best

Types of adverbs
Adverbs describe how, how often, when or where an action happens.
Type of adverb examples
Manner (how) Slowly, quickly, carefully, well Lions move slowly and silently.
Frequency (how often) Often, sometimes, never, usually Lions usually move very slowly.
Degree (how much) Very, really, a lot, a little Lions move very slowly.
Time (when) Today, soon, last week I don’t work at the weekends.
Place (where) Here, upstairs, in an office I work in an office.
Direction (which way) Left, right, straight on Lions move through the grass.

Adverbs of manner have a regular form (except well); we add –ly to the adjective:
Slow  slowly silent  silently perfect  perfectly