MMG 404 Exam 6 Questions with Correct Answers Latest Update 2025/2026
sarcoma - Answers derived from connective tissues
carcinomas - Answers derived from epithelial tissues
lymphomas - Answers derived from hematopoietic
stages of cancer development - Answers neoplasia, benign tumor, malignancy, metastasis
sporadic cancer - Answers non-familial. mutations occur by chance. mutations are in somatic
cells. characterized by being complex, late age of onset, and unilateral
familial cancer - Answers germline mutations. genetically predisposed, due to inherited
mutations in certain genes. characterized by early age of onset, multiple tumor types and
locations, and bilateral. ex: retinoblastoma
single base mutations - Answers most common mutations in causing cancer
driver mutations - Answers mutations that contribute to the development of the malignant
phenotype
passenger mutations - Answers mutations that have no direct contribution to the cancer
phenotype. occur due to the genetic instability of the tumor/cancer cells. creates neo antigens
proto-oncogenes - Answers normal versions of oncogenes. first identified in RNA tumor viruses
by Dr. Rous in Chickens
tumor supressor genes - Answers make proteins that stop cell division and kill cells
HPV genome - Answers 7500 bp, encodes 2 oncogenes that promote DNA replication (E6 and
E7), encodes E2, which is a regulator of E6 and E7. In HeLa cells, HPV genome was found with 4
copies of E6 and E7, but no E2
oncogene mutations - Answers dominant and gain-of-function, mostly associated with sporadic
cancer. many different mutations in the same spots
tumor suppressor mutations - Answers loss of function. many different mutations in many
different spots
P53 and RB1 - Answers gatekeepers. detect DNA damage and stop those cells from growing
MSH2 and MLH1 - Answers caretakers. repair DNA damage
prevention and treatments - Answers keytruda, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, cancer
screening, vaccines, decrease smoking and obesity
keytruda - Answers blocks cancer's ability to avoid immune response with anti CTLA4 mAb.
sarcoma - Answers derived from connective tissues
carcinomas - Answers derived from epithelial tissues
lymphomas - Answers derived from hematopoietic
stages of cancer development - Answers neoplasia, benign tumor, malignancy, metastasis
sporadic cancer - Answers non-familial. mutations occur by chance. mutations are in somatic
cells. characterized by being complex, late age of onset, and unilateral
familial cancer - Answers germline mutations. genetically predisposed, due to inherited
mutations in certain genes. characterized by early age of onset, multiple tumor types and
locations, and bilateral. ex: retinoblastoma
single base mutations - Answers most common mutations in causing cancer
driver mutations - Answers mutations that contribute to the development of the malignant
phenotype
passenger mutations - Answers mutations that have no direct contribution to the cancer
phenotype. occur due to the genetic instability of the tumor/cancer cells. creates neo antigens
proto-oncogenes - Answers normal versions of oncogenes. first identified in RNA tumor viruses
by Dr. Rous in Chickens
tumor supressor genes - Answers make proteins that stop cell division and kill cells
HPV genome - Answers 7500 bp, encodes 2 oncogenes that promote DNA replication (E6 and
E7), encodes E2, which is a regulator of E6 and E7. In HeLa cells, HPV genome was found with 4
copies of E6 and E7, but no E2
oncogene mutations - Answers dominant and gain-of-function, mostly associated with sporadic
cancer. many different mutations in the same spots
tumor suppressor mutations - Answers loss of function. many different mutations in many
different spots
P53 and RB1 - Answers gatekeepers. detect DNA damage and stop those cells from growing
MSH2 and MLH1 - Answers caretakers. repair DNA damage
prevention and treatments - Answers keytruda, surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, cancer
screening, vaccines, decrease smoking and obesity
keytruda - Answers blocks cancer's ability to avoid immune response with anti CTLA4 mAb.
