PSY 217 EXAM 3 STUDY GUIDE
punishment - Answer -has occurred when a behavior has a consequence, followed
immediately by a stimulus change, behavior must decrease in strength, consequence
must cause reduction in strength of behavior
positive punishment - Answer -presentation of a stimulus, immediately following a
behavior, results in a decrease in frequency of that behavior
negative punishment - Answer -removal of a stimulus, immediately following behavior
and decreases future probability of that response
time-out positive reinforcement - Answer -the withdrawal of the opportunity to earn
positive reinforcement, establishing operation must be a highly reinforcing situation,
contingent upon the occurrence of target behavior
nonexclusion time out - Answer -person stays in the same room
exclusion or seclusion time out - Answer -person is sent to a time-out room, removes
all sources of positive reinforcement
response cost - Answer -"penalty training". loss of a specific amount of reinforcement
contingent upon a target behavior. typically the stimuli lost are those the individual
already has through reinforcement of appropriate behavior.
unconditioned punishers - Answer -a stimulus whose presentation functions as
punishment without learning.
conditioned punishers - Answer -a stimulus change that functions as punishment as a
result of a person's conditioning history
generalized conditioned punisher - Answer -stimulus changes that have been paired
with numerous forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers.
contingency - Answer -the degree to which punishment weakens a behavior varies with
the degree to which a punishing event is dependent on that behavior. the more
consistently a punishing event follows a behavior, the less likely a behavior will occur.
contiguity - Answer -immediacy of punishment. maximum suppressive effects are
obtained when the punisher occurs as soon as possible after the occurrence of a target
reponse
intensity of punishment - Answer -the more intense the punishing stimulus is, the
greater it will reduce future responding
, introductory level punisher - Answer -using an effective level of punishment from the
very beginning is important.
motivating operation - Answer -the effectiveness of a punisher is decreased if the
establishing operation for the reinforcer is increased
reinforcement of punished behavior - Answer -one might expect larger punishment
effects when the behavior is no longer reinforced (extinction)
availability of reinforcement for alternative behavior - Answer -if punishment is
employed to eliminate a certain behavior, then whatever reinforcement the undesirable
behavior had led to should be made available via an alternate behavior
negative punishment does not mean extinction - Answer -punishment has occurred
when a behavior has a consequence. extinction is when a behavior resulted in a certain
consequence in the past and there is no stimulus change, nothing is taken away.
problems with punishment - Answer -escape from punishment, aggression, behavior
suppression, potential for abuse, imitation
differential reinforcement - Answer -reinforcement of one response or no response
DRA alternative behavior - Answer -reinforce a specific appropriate behavior dont
reinforce target behavior
DRI incompatible behavior - Answer -reinforce an appropriate behavior that is
incompatible with target behavior, dont reinforce target behavior
noncontingent reinforcement - Answer -changing the establishing operation to an
abolishing operation.
shaping - Answer -used to teach new behavior. systematically reinforce some behavior,
extinction with others.
chaining - Answer -training a connected sequence of behaviors. reinforcer is delivered
at the end of the sequence. `
stimulus response chain - Answer -a specific sequence of discrete responses
forward chaining - Answer -start with reinforcing first response on list. once they do task
reliably, stop reinforcing that task alone, pair with the next task on list
backward chaining - Answer -training begins with the last behavior in the sequence.
trainer performs all steps until learner masters last step. then the trainer performs all but
last two steps until learner masters, and so on.
punishment - Answer -has occurred when a behavior has a consequence, followed
immediately by a stimulus change, behavior must decrease in strength, consequence
must cause reduction in strength of behavior
positive punishment - Answer -presentation of a stimulus, immediately following a
behavior, results in a decrease in frequency of that behavior
negative punishment - Answer -removal of a stimulus, immediately following behavior
and decreases future probability of that response
time-out positive reinforcement - Answer -the withdrawal of the opportunity to earn
positive reinforcement, establishing operation must be a highly reinforcing situation,
contingent upon the occurrence of target behavior
nonexclusion time out - Answer -person stays in the same room
exclusion or seclusion time out - Answer -person is sent to a time-out room, removes
all sources of positive reinforcement
response cost - Answer -"penalty training". loss of a specific amount of reinforcement
contingent upon a target behavior. typically the stimuli lost are those the individual
already has through reinforcement of appropriate behavior.
unconditioned punishers - Answer -a stimulus whose presentation functions as
punishment without learning.
conditioned punishers - Answer -a stimulus change that functions as punishment as a
result of a person's conditioning history
generalized conditioned punisher - Answer -stimulus changes that have been paired
with numerous forms of unconditioned and conditioned punishers.
contingency - Answer -the degree to which punishment weakens a behavior varies with
the degree to which a punishing event is dependent on that behavior. the more
consistently a punishing event follows a behavior, the less likely a behavior will occur.
contiguity - Answer -immediacy of punishment. maximum suppressive effects are
obtained when the punisher occurs as soon as possible after the occurrence of a target
reponse
intensity of punishment - Answer -the more intense the punishing stimulus is, the
greater it will reduce future responding
, introductory level punisher - Answer -using an effective level of punishment from the
very beginning is important.
motivating operation - Answer -the effectiveness of a punisher is decreased if the
establishing operation for the reinforcer is increased
reinforcement of punished behavior - Answer -one might expect larger punishment
effects when the behavior is no longer reinforced (extinction)
availability of reinforcement for alternative behavior - Answer -if punishment is
employed to eliminate a certain behavior, then whatever reinforcement the undesirable
behavior had led to should be made available via an alternate behavior
negative punishment does not mean extinction - Answer -punishment has occurred
when a behavior has a consequence. extinction is when a behavior resulted in a certain
consequence in the past and there is no stimulus change, nothing is taken away.
problems with punishment - Answer -escape from punishment, aggression, behavior
suppression, potential for abuse, imitation
differential reinforcement - Answer -reinforcement of one response or no response
DRA alternative behavior - Answer -reinforce a specific appropriate behavior dont
reinforce target behavior
DRI incompatible behavior - Answer -reinforce an appropriate behavior that is
incompatible with target behavior, dont reinforce target behavior
noncontingent reinforcement - Answer -changing the establishing operation to an
abolishing operation.
shaping - Answer -used to teach new behavior. systematically reinforce some behavior,
extinction with others.
chaining - Answer -training a connected sequence of behaviors. reinforcer is delivered
at the end of the sequence. `
stimulus response chain - Answer -a specific sequence of discrete responses
forward chaining - Answer -start with reinforcing first response on list. once they do task
reliably, stop reinforcing that task alone, pair with the next task on list
backward chaining - Answer -training begins with the last behavior in the sequence.
trainer performs all steps until learner masters last step. then the trainer performs all but
last two steps until learner masters, and so on.
