HPHY 212 Final Review (2025/2026)
questions well answered
Steps of the scientific method - ANS ✔✔Observation
Question
Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Communicate Your Results
-science is unpredictable, ongoing and and non-linear
Peer review process - ANS ✔✔The review of the design and validity of a research experiment by
experts in the field of study who did not participate in the research.
open access - ANS ✔✔online research output free of any and all restrictions on access and free
of many restrictions on use, such as copyright or license restrictions
-all articles must be open access a year after they are published
benefits of open access - ANS ✔✔-open to everyone and free
-public has access to the research they fund
-makes use of modern tech/ online
-available for smaller libraries/low income areas
Advantages of peer review - ANS ✔✔-standardizes process within each journal
, -vetted by experts in that area
-blind review may remove bias
-level of quality and trust of reliable info
disadvantages peer review - ANS ✔✔-bias against findings/researchers
-no quantitative indicators of quality
-different standards for each journal
-lengthy process
-does not mean science is correct
impact factor - ANS ✔✔computed index of the quality of a scholarly journal based upon the
frequency with which a journal's articles are cited by other researchers
IF=number of citations/number of articles
ethical considerations in research - ANS ✔✔-Informed consent
-Freedom from coercion
-Protection from harm
-Confidentiality and privacy
-Intentional deception and debriefing
-Risk/Benefit assessment
Belmont Report Principles - ANS ✔✔1. Respect for persons: subjects are treated as autonomous
beings and entitled to protection
2. Beneficence: respect the subjects decisions, protect their wellbeing/ protect them from harm
3. Justice: fair treatment for all subjects and equal distribution of risks and benefits across the
sample
questions well answered
Steps of the scientific method - ANS ✔✔Observation
Question
Do Background Research
Construct a Hypothesis
Test Your Hypothesis by Doing an Experiment
Analyze Your Data and Draw a Conclusion
Communicate Your Results
-science is unpredictable, ongoing and and non-linear
Peer review process - ANS ✔✔The review of the design and validity of a research experiment by
experts in the field of study who did not participate in the research.
open access - ANS ✔✔online research output free of any and all restrictions on access and free
of many restrictions on use, such as copyright or license restrictions
-all articles must be open access a year after they are published
benefits of open access - ANS ✔✔-open to everyone and free
-public has access to the research they fund
-makes use of modern tech/ online
-available for smaller libraries/low income areas
Advantages of peer review - ANS ✔✔-standardizes process within each journal
, -vetted by experts in that area
-blind review may remove bias
-level of quality and trust of reliable info
disadvantages peer review - ANS ✔✔-bias against findings/researchers
-no quantitative indicators of quality
-different standards for each journal
-lengthy process
-does not mean science is correct
impact factor - ANS ✔✔computed index of the quality of a scholarly journal based upon the
frequency with which a journal's articles are cited by other researchers
IF=number of citations/number of articles
ethical considerations in research - ANS ✔✔-Informed consent
-Freedom from coercion
-Protection from harm
-Confidentiality and privacy
-Intentional deception and debriefing
-Risk/Benefit assessment
Belmont Report Principles - ANS ✔✔1. Respect for persons: subjects are treated as autonomous
beings and entitled to protection
2. Beneficence: respect the subjects decisions, protect their wellbeing/ protect them from harm
3. Justice: fair treatment for all subjects and equal distribution of risks and benefits across the
sample
