HPHY 212 Final questions well
answered
Hypothesis - ANS ✔✔predicts relationship between IV and DV
is testable; must be falsifiable
Theory - ANS ✔✔group of ideas meant to explain certain topic, developed through rational
forms of abstract and generalized thinking, based on general principles; been repeated and
tested over time with positive results
Fact - ANS ✔✔actually occurred and can be proven through evidence and experience; can be
verified
Evidence - ANS ✔✔support/counter scientific theory
Inference - ANS ✔✔statistical inference draws conclusion about population based on
observation on sample of population
What is the importance of a control - ANS ✔✔sets the base-line and allows for determination of
which variables are the effecting factor
Scientific Method - ANS ✔✔1) question
2) observations
3) hypothesis
4) experiment
5) analyze/interpret results
,6) check hypothesis (supported or not)
7) report results
8) stockholm
Steps of the peer-review process - ANS ✔✔Manuscript, author submits, sent to editor and
reviewer, and then it gets decided if it should be rejected, accepted, or sent back for revision
What makes scientific info trustworthy - ANS ✔✔if the publisher is reliable, data seems
reasonable, and process has been replicated numerous times
How do authors decide to publish their work - ANS ✔✔impact factor: # of citations/# of article
Can an article be both a peer-reviewed journal article and a popular magazine articel - ANS
✔✔no
What are the benefits of having open access for articles - ANS ✔✔research is more widely
available, smaller libraries can benefit, modern technology
What are the levels of evidence based on hierarchy - ANS ✔✔Meta-Analysis, Systematic Review,
Review of Literature, Randomized controlled trial, cohort study, case control study, case report,
expert opinion
Randomized Controlled Trial - ANS ✔✔clinical trial that involves at least a control and a test
treatment and are undergone through a random process
-the gold standard
-evidence based
Cohort - ANS ✔✔studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified and are
followed to determine distinguishing subgroup characterisitics
, -not random
-shared characteristics
-only observational, not EXPERIMENTAL
-because it is observational, it is hard to eliminate confounding variables
Case-Control Study - ANS ✔✔studies which start with the identification of persons with a
disease of interest and a control witout the disease; OBSERVATIONAL; retrospective
Case Report - ANS ✔✔clinical presentation that may be followed by evaluative studies that
eventually lead to a diagnosis
-detailed characterization of very few subjects
-observational
-often novel or unique conditions
-no control
Scientific Study - ANS ✔✔body of techniques for investigating phenomena acquiring new
knowledge or correcting previous knowledge; systematic, observation and measurement
experiment; formulate and test a hypothesis with results; randomized controlled trials; author
test and evaluate hypothesis
Review - ANS ✔✔range of material that is critiqued that can be speciic or borad and can
encompass clinical material as well as experimental research or case reports
-may have selection bias
-may have conflicting results
Expert opinion - ANS ✔✔presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge
representing mastery of a particular subject
answered
Hypothesis - ANS ✔✔predicts relationship between IV and DV
is testable; must be falsifiable
Theory - ANS ✔✔group of ideas meant to explain certain topic, developed through rational
forms of abstract and generalized thinking, based on general principles; been repeated and
tested over time with positive results
Fact - ANS ✔✔actually occurred and can be proven through evidence and experience; can be
verified
Evidence - ANS ✔✔support/counter scientific theory
Inference - ANS ✔✔statistical inference draws conclusion about population based on
observation on sample of population
What is the importance of a control - ANS ✔✔sets the base-line and allows for determination of
which variables are the effecting factor
Scientific Method - ANS ✔✔1) question
2) observations
3) hypothesis
4) experiment
5) analyze/interpret results
,6) check hypothesis (supported or not)
7) report results
8) stockholm
Steps of the peer-review process - ANS ✔✔Manuscript, author submits, sent to editor and
reviewer, and then it gets decided if it should be rejected, accepted, or sent back for revision
What makes scientific info trustworthy - ANS ✔✔if the publisher is reliable, data seems
reasonable, and process has been replicated numerous times
How do authors decide to publish their work - ANS ✔✔impact factor: # of citations/# of article
Can an article be both a peer-reviewed journal article and a popular magazine articel - ANS
✔✔no
What are the benefits of having open access for articles - ANS ✔✔research is more widely
available, smaller libraries can benefit, modern technology
What are the levels of evidence based on hierarchy - ANS ✔✔Meta-Analysis, Systematic Review,
Review of Literature, Randomized controlled trial, cohort study, case control study, case report,
expert opinion
Randomized Controlled Trial - ANS ✔✔clinical trial that involves at least a control and a test
treatment and are undergone through a random process
-the gold standard
-evidence based
Cohort - ANS ✔✔studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified and are
followed to determine distinguishing subgroup characterisitics
, -not random
-shared characteristics
-only observational, not EXPERIMENTAL
-because it is observational, it is hard to eliminate confounding variables
Case-Control Study - ANS ✔✔studies which start with the identification of persons with a
disease of interest and a control witout the disease; OBSERVATIONAL; retrospective
Case Report - ANS ✔✔clinical presentation that may be followed by evaluative studies that
eventually lead to a diagnosis
-detailed characterization of very few subjects
-observational
-often novel or unique conditions
-no control
Scientific Study - ANS ✔✔body of techniques for investigating phenomena acquiring new
knowledge or correcting previous knowledge; systematic, observation and measurement
experiment; formulate and test a hypothesis with results; randomized controlled trials; author
test and evaluate hypothesis
Review - ANS ✔✔range of material that is critiqued that can be speciic or borad and can
encompass clinical material as well as experimental research or case reports
-may have selection bias
-may have conflicting results
Expert opinion - ANS ✔✔presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge
representing mastery of a particular subject
