DNA
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis : using electricity to separate DNA fragments by
length
DNA is negatively charged
Attach a fluorescent label or stain DNA fragments
Put DNA fragments into well at negative end
Turn on current
DNA fragments are attached at positive electrode
Small fragments move faster ( therefore further away)
Calibrate scale by using pieces of DNA of known length
Logarithm will process bigger things move slower than smaller
Stick it under UV light and it will show you the fragments
Prokaryotic Chromosome
Each gene encodes
for a different
function
Genes with related
function often form
operon
Eukaryotic Chromosome
Typical chromosome with
centromere and telomeres
Spliceosome will splice out
the intron and let the exon
be.
Replication
, The DNA unwinds and unzips by the help of DNA helicase which
breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
The free nucleotides will pair with complementary bases on the
template strand
The DNA Polymerase joins nucleotides together in a condensation
reaction
DNAS is antiparallel so the nucleotides are arranged differently
DNA polymerase is an enzyme is its active site can only bind to
nucleotides at one end
DNA replication is semi-conservative as half of the DNA is retained
and the other half is new
Transcription
DNA helicase separates the strands as it breaks down the hydrogen
bonds
The free RNA nucleotides attach to the template strands with
complementary base pairing
RNA polymerase joins nucleotides together by a condensation
reaction forming phosphodiester bonds
H-bonds between base pairs reform (3 between C-G and 2 between A-
T)
First bit of RNA contains introns which must be removed via splicing
which is the removal of introns so MiRNA forms which will code for the
polypeptide.
Prokaryotes Transcription goes directly from DNA- MRNA so no
splicing
Eukaryotes Transcription goes from DNA-pre-Mrna – Mrna so
splicing occurs
Translation
Codon: triplet of bases on Mrna that codes for a specific amino acid
Anticodon: triplet of bases on TRNA that is complementary to the
codon on Mrna
tRNA: polynucleotide that’s folded by hydrogen bonds and the
anticodon is specific to the amino acid that it carries
The riboso0me binds to the Mrna at the start codon
Codon is matched to an anticodon by complementary base pairing
Electrophoresis
Electrophoresis : using electricity to separate DNA fragments by
length
DNA is negatively charged
Attach a fluorescent label or stain DNA fragments
Put DNA fragments into well at negative end
Turn on current
DNA fragments are attached at positive electrode
Small fragments move faster ( therefore further away)
Calibrate scale by using pieces of DNA of known length
Logarithm will process bigger things move slower than smaller
Stick it under UV light and it will show you the fragments
Prokaryotic Chromosome
Each gene encodes
for a different
function
Genes with related
function often form
operon
Eukaryotic Chromosome
Typical chromosome with
centromere and telomeres
Spliceosome will splice out
the intron and let the exon
be.
Replication
, The DNA unwinds and unzips by the help of DNA helicase which
breaks hydrogen bonds between complementary bases
The free nucleotides will pair with complementary bases on the
template strand
The DNA Polymerase joins nucleotides together in a condensation
reaction
DNAS is antiparallel so the nucleotides are arranged differently
DNA polymerase is an enzyme is its active site can only bind to
nucleotides at one end
DNA replication is semi-conservative as half of the DNA is retained
and the other half is new
Transcription
DNA helicase separates the strands as it breaks down the hydrogen
bonds
The free RNA nucleotides attach to the template strands with
complementary base pairing
RNA polymerase joins nucleotides together by a condensation
reaction forming phosphodiester bonds
H-bonds between base pairs reform (3 between C-G and 2 between A-
T)
First bit of RNA contains introns which must be removed via splicing
which is the removal of introns so MiRNA forms which will code for the
polypeptide.
Prokaryotes Transcription goes directly from DNA- MRNA so no
splicing
Eukaryotes Transcription goes from DNA-pre-Mrna – Mrna so
splicing occurs
Translation
Codon: triplet of bases on Mrna that codes for a specific amino acid
Anticodon: triplet of bases on TRNA that is complementary to the
codon on Mrna
tRNA: polynucleotide that’s folded by hydrogen bonds and the
anticodon is specific to the amino acid that it carries
The riboso0me binds to the Mrna at the start codon
Codon is matched to an anticodon by complementary base pairing
