Page 1 of 67
FINAL EXAM: NR283 / NR-283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM (LATEST 2025 UPDATE STUDY BUNDLE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS) | 100% CORRECT | GRADE A
- CHAMBERLAIN
What regulates the release of hormones?
.....ANSWER.....feedback systems
Positive Feedback .....ANSWER.....tells a hormone to make more
Negative Feedback .....ANSWER.....stops making a hormone
Secreting Cells .....ANSWER.....what is pumped out of the cells
(ADH released from the posterior pituitary gland)
Receiving Cells .....ANSWER.....what cells the hormones target
(ADH targets the kidney)
Why are hormones are released? .....ANSWER.....-altered cell
environment (increases intake of glucose leads to a release of
insulin)
,Page 2 of 67
-maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the
release of other hormones, ex: TRH)
-neural control (autonomic NS - not in control)
Non-steroidal hormones .....ANSWER.....-water soluble, can float
around blood stream with no issues since the blood stream is
made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid bilayer -
which is why we need receptors on the cells and second
messengers (proteins that live inside the cells to help get the
message to the nucleus)
-ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect
with a second messenger
Steroidal Hormones .....ANSWER.....-lipid soluble, fatty hormones
floating around bloodstream cannot float around easily so they
need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get to the cell,
they dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver
the message straight to the nucleus
,Page 3 of 67
ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
regulation .....ANSWER.....refers to the receptivity of cells, how
open is that cell to allow a hormone in
Upregulation .....ANSWER.....if we starve a cell of a hormone,
they will be much more likely to get a hormone in
-this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't
seen insulin in a while, the pancreas isn't overworking to pump out
insulin
Downregulation .....ANSWER.....-happens with type II diabetes,
have tons of glucose in bloodstream, in response the pancreas
(beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the pancreas is
able to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess glucose
in the blood, insulin comes to the cell receptor and they wont let
glucose in because they have become sensitized.Now it will take
more insulin to do the same job.
-also happens with narcotic addiction
, Page 4 of 67
Thyroid Cascade .....ANSWER.....thyroid hormone helps us make
ATP, the target cells for thyroid hormone is every cell in the body
so it affects many things.
-need more ATP? positive feedback loop is started.
Hypothalamus release TRH which reaches pituitary gland and
then releases TSH, TSH reaches thyroid and the thyroid gland
release TH and then goes to target cells (all cells in the body),
once we have enough, negative feedback loop is initiated to
stop making TRH
Cause of Endocrine Disorders .....ANSWER.....-autoimmune
-most common cause is a tumor on gland (pituitary)
-target cell resistance (type II diabetes)
-congenital defect
-hyperplasia (increase in cell number - goiter)
Hyperthyroidism .....ANSWER.....(graves disease)
FINAL EXAM: NR283 / NR-283 PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
EXAM (LATEST 2025 UPDATE STUDY BUNDLE WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS) | 100% CORRECT | GRADE A
- CHAMBERLAIN
What regulates the release of hormones?
.....ANSWER.....feedback systems
Positive Feedback .....ANSWER.....tells a hormone to make more
Negative Feedback .....ANSWER.....stops making a hormone
Secreting Cells .....ANSWER.....what is pumped out of the cells
(ADH released from the posterior pituitary gland)
Receiving Cells .....ANSWER.....what cells the hormones target
(ADH targets the kidney)
Why are hormones are released? .....ANSWER.....-altered cell
environment (increases intake of glucose leads to a release of
insulin)
,Page 2 of 67
-maintaining levels of other hormones (cascades trigger the
release of other hormones, ex: TRH)
-neural control (autonomic NS - not in control)
Non-steroidal hormones .....ANSWER.....-water soluble, can float
around blood stream with no issues since the blood stream is
made up of water, but cannot get through phospholipid bilayer -
which is why we need receptors on the cells and second
messengers (proteins that live inside the cells to help get the
message to the nucleus)
-ex: insulin: freely moves around bloodstream but has to connect
with a second messenger
Steroidal Hormones .....ANSWER.....-lipid soluble, fatty hormones
floating around bloodstream cannot float around easily so they
need carrier proteins to carry them. When they get to the cell,
they dont have any issues getting into the cell they can deliver
the message straight to the nucleus
,Page 3 of 67
ex: sex hormones (estrogen, testosterone)
regulation .....ANSWER.....refers to the receptivity of cells, how
open is that cell to allow a hormone in
Upregulation .....ANSWER.....if we starve a cell of a hormone,
they will be much more likely to get a hormone in
-this is why type II diabetes can be reversible, if the cells haven't
seen insulin in a while, the pancreas isn't overworking to pump out
insulin
Downregulation .....ANSWER.....-happens with type II diabetes,
have tons of glucose in bloodstream, in response the pancreas
(beta cells) pump out insulin, in a normal state the pancreas is
able to pump out insulin, but since there is so much excess glucose
in the blood, insulin comes to the cell receptor and they wont let
glucose in because they have become sensitized.Now it will take
more insulin to do the same job.
-also happens with narcotic addiction
, Page 4 of 67
Thyroid Cascade .....ANSWER.....thyroid hormone helps us make
ATP, the target cells for thyroid hormone is every cell in the body
so it affects many things.
-need more ATP? positive feedback loop is started.
Hypothalamus release TRH which reaches pituitary gland and
then releases TSH, TSH reaches thyroid and the thyroid gland
release TH and then goes to target cells (all cells in the body),
once we have enough, negative feedback loop is initiated to
stop making TRH
Cause of Endocrine Disorders .....ANSWER.....-autoimmune
-most common cause is a tumor on gland (pituitary)
-target cell resistance (type II diabetes)
-congenital defect
-hyperplasia (increase in cell number - goiter)
Hyperthyroidism .....ANSWER.....(graves disease)
