Summary Test 2 module 1, year 1
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 15
,Chapter 9:
Chapter 9 offers an in-depth exploration of motivation and emotion,
dissecting their impact on human behaviour, the theories explaining these
concepts, and practical applications in daily life.
1. Defining Motivation (LO 9.1)
Motivation refers to the process of starting, directing, and
sustaining activities to satisfy physical or psychological needs.
Intrinsic Motivation: Driven by internal rewards like personal
satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivation: Driven by external factors, such as financial
rewards or social recognition.
2. Early Theories of Motivation (LO 9.2)
Instinct Theory: Early theorists (e.g., William McDougall) argued that
human behaviour is driven by instincts like animals. However, this
theory was criticized for merely labelling behaviours without
providing explanatory depth.
Drive-Reduction Theory: Suggests that unmet physiological needs
create a drive (e.g., hunger), motivating behaviours to restore
balance. This theory emphasizes **homeostasis**, the body's
tendency to maintain internal equilibrium.
3. Psychological Needs: Achievement, Affiliation, and Power (LO 9.3)
Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to achieve goals and excel.
Need for Affiliation (nAff): Need for social connections and approval.
Need for Power (nPow): Drive to influence others and gain status.
People high in these needs may display different behaviours, such as
leadership tendencies (nPow) or teamwork preferences (nAff).
, 4. Arousal and Incentive Theories (LO 9.4)
Arousal Theory: People seek to maintain optimal arousal levels.
**Sensation seekers** actively pursue stimulating activities, while
others prefer calmer environments.
Incentive Theory: Behaviour can be motivated by external rewards,
even when no internal need exists (e.g., eating dessert after a full
meal).
5. Maslow’s Hierarchy and Self-Determination Theory (LO 9.5)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: A five-level structure, starting with
**basic needs** (e.g., food, shelter) and culminating in **self-
actualization** (fulfilling one’s potential). Maslow later added
**transcendence**, focusing on helping others achieve their potential.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT): Proposes three essential
needs:
1. Autonomy: Control over one’s actions.
2. Competence: Mastery of challenges.
3. Relatedness: Feeling connected to others.
These theories highlight the importance of personal growth and well-being.
6. Hunger, Eating, and Obesity (LO 9.6 - 9.7)
Physiological Regulation: The hypothalamus monitors hunger
signals. Hormones such as insulin and leptin also regulate appetite.
Social Influences: Cultural norms and emotions (e.g., stress) affect
eating habits.
o Emotional eating can lead to weight gain.
Obesity: Results from multiple factors, including genetics,
environmental conditions, and maladaptive eating behaviours.
Globally, 39% of adults are classified as obese.
- Chapter 9
- Chapter 11
- Chapter 12
- Chapter 13
- Chapter 15
,Chapter 9:
Chapter 9 offers an in-depth exploration of motivation and emotion,
dissecting their impact on human behaviour, the theories explaining these
concepts, and practical applications in daily life.
1. Defining Motivation (LO 9.1)
Motivation refers to the process of starting, directing, and
sustaining activities to satisfy physical or psychological needs.
Intrinsic Motivation: Driven by internal rewards like personal
satisfaction.
Extrinsic Motivation: Driven by external factors, such as financial
rewards or social recognition.
2. Early Theories of Motivation (LO 9.2)
Instinct Theory: Early theorists (e.g., William McDougall) argued that
human behaviour is driven by instincts like animals. However, this
theory was criticized for merely labelling behaviours without
providing explanatory depth.
Drive-Reduction Theory: Suggests that unmet physiological needs
create a drive (e.g., hunger), motivating behaviours to restore
balance. This theory emphasizes **homeostasis**, the body's
tendency to maintain internal equilibrium.
3. Psychological Needs: Achievement, Affiliation, and Power (LO 9.3)
Need for Achievement (nAch): Desire to achieve goals and excel.
Need for Affiliation (nAff): Need for social connections and approval.
Need for Power (nPow): Drive to influence others and gain status.
People high in these needs may display different behaviours, such as
leadership tendencies (nPow) or teamwork preferences (nAff).
, 4. Arousal and Incentive Theories (LO 9.4)
Arousal Theory: People seek to maintain optimal arousal levels.
**Sensation seekers** actively pursue stimulating activities, while
others prefer calmer environments.
Incentive Theory: Behaviour can be motivated by external rewards,
even when no internal need exists (e.g., eating dessert after a full
meal).
5. Maslow’s Hierarchy and Self-Determination Theory (LO 9.5)
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs: A five-level structure, starting with
**basic needs** (e.g., food, shelter) and culminating in **self-
actualization** (fulfilling one’s potential). Maslow later added
**transcendence**, focusing on helping others achieve their potential.
Self-Determination Theory (SDT): Proposes three essential
needs:
1. Autonomy: Control over one’s actions.
2. Competence: Mastery of challenges.
3. Relatedness: Feeling connected to others.
These theories highlight the importance of personal growth and well-being.
6. Hunger, Eating, and Obesity (LO 9.6 - 9.7)
Physiological Regulation: The hypothalamus monitors hunger
signals. Hormones such as insulin and leptin also regulate appetite.
Social Influences: Cultural norms and emotions (e.g., stress) affect
eating habits.
o Emotional eating can lead to weight gain.
Obesity: Results from multiple factors, including genetics,
environmental conditions, and maladaptive eating behaviours.
Globally, 39% of adults are classified as obese.
