BIO 105 - Exam One Questions And Answers

Summarize the flow of energy through living systems and explain what happens to most of the energy - ANS Physically: solar energy - chemical energy: energy found in chemical bonds of carbohydrates, pats and proteins mechanical energy: energy of motion = kinetic energy, position of an object before it moves (potential energy) energy from food - ATP - energy for cellular activities - ATP + P (phosphate) Monomers - ANS individual units Monomers of carbohydrates - ANS monosaccharides Monomers of proteins - ANS amino acids monomers of fats - ANS glycerol, fatty acids Polymers - ANS Longer chains of multiple monomers (fats do NOT form long chains) Polymers of carbohydrates - ANS polysaccharides Polymers of proteins - ANS polypeptides Polymers of fats - ANS triglycerides Dehydration synthesis - ANS reaction that joins monomers together to form polymers by removing water Hydrolysis Reactions - ANS reaction that break polymers apart into individual monomers by adding water glucose - ANS preferred source for energy production starch - ANS long-term energy storage in plants glycogen - ANS short-term energy storage in animals fiber - ANS forms structural components of leaves, stems, and roots carbohydrates - ANS provide long-term energy storage in plants/animals, provide energy for life processes, and provide structural support for plants Triglycerides - ANS energy storage Cholesterol - ANS cell membrane function, hormone production phospholipids - ANS structure of the cell membrane summarize the main function of proteins in living organisms - ANS act as enzymes to digest nutrient molecules Describe the main role of the digestive system in the body - ANS coverts some components of food to storage and uses others to build/repair cells, tissues/organs, supply water and allow removal of undigested waste material (maintain homeostasis) Enzyme - ANS chemical assistants that break down nutrients into smaller units for circulatory and lymphatic systems describe how enzymes work - ANS an enzyme lowers the energy of the activation of a reaction = makes it happen more quickly -3D shape of enzyme creates a pocket called the active site -active site is formed to fit a specific substrate -active site makes the work more efficient and lowers the energy of activation describe how body (cellular) conditions can affect enzyme function - ANS temperature & pH can change the shape of the activation site and interactions with substrates Describe how carbs are digested - ANS salivary AMYLASE breaks down carbs into smaller units, then MALTASE breaks down maltose into glucose which is then absorbed by lining to the circulatory/lymphatic systems Describe how fats/lipids are digested - ANS BILE SALTS break down fat globes into smaller units then LIPASE digest fats into fatty acids describe how protein is digested - ANS digested by TRYPSIN then PEPTIDASE digests peptides