HPHY 212 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed

HPHY 212 Final Exam Questions and Answers Already Passed Hypothesis - Answers predicts relationship between IV and DV is testable; must be falsifiable Theory - Answers group of ideas meant to explain certain topic, developed through rational forms of abstract and generalized thinking, based on general principles; been repeated and tested over time with positive results Fact - Answers actually occurred and can be proven through evidence and experience; can be verified Evidence - Answers support/counter scientific theory Inference - Answers statistical inference draws conclusion about population based on observation on sample of population What is the importance of a control - Answers sets the base-line and allows for determination of which variables are the effecting factor Scientific Method - Answers 1) question 2) observations 3) hypothesis 4) experiment 5) analyze/interpret results 6) check hypothesis (supported or not) 7) report results 8) stockholm Steps of the peer-review process - Answers Manuscript, author submits, sent to editor and reviewer, and then it gets decided if it should be rejected, accepted, or sent back for revision What makes scientific info trustworthy - Answers if the publisher is reliable, data seems reasonable, and process has been replicated numerous times How do authors decide to publish their work - Answers impact factor: # of citations/# of article Can an article be both a peer-reviewed journal article and a popular magazine articel - Answers no What are the benefits of having open access for articles - Answers research is more widely available, smaller libraries can benefit, modern technology What are the levels of evidence based on hierarchy - Answers Meta-Analysis, Systematic Review, Review of Literature, Randomized controlled trial, cohort study, case control study, case report, expert opinion Randomized Controlled Trial - Answers clinical trial that involves at least a control and a test treatment and are undergone through a random process -the gold standard -evidence based Cohort - Answers studies in which subsets of a defined population are identified and are followed to determine distinguishing subgroup characterisitics -not random -shared characteristics -only observational, not EXPERIMENTAL -because it is observational, it is hard to eliminate confounding variables Case-Control Study - Answers studies which start with the identification of persons with a disease of interest and a control witout the disease; OBSERVATIONAL; retrospective Case Report - Answers clinical presentation that may be followed by evaluative studies that eventually lead to a diagnosis -detailed characterization of very few subjects -observational -often novel or unique conditions -no control Scientific Study - Answers body of techniques for investigating phenomena acquiring new knowledge or correcting previous knowledge; systematic, observation and measurement experiment; formulate and test a hypothesis with results; randomized controlled trials; author test and evaluate hypothesis Review - Answers range of material that is critiqued that can be speciic or borad and can encompass clinical material as well as experimental research or case reports -may have selection bias -may have conflicting results Expert opinion - Answers presentation of pertinent data by one with special skill or knowledge representing mastery of a particular subject Peer Review - Answers scientists assess work of colleagues for scientific literature What studies would fall under a refuted hypothesis - Answers meta-analysis, RCT, cohort