Samenvatting Ontwikkelingspsychologie
Semester 1
Chapter 2: Theories of Development.
1. Psychodynamic Theory.
- Sigmund Freud;
- Id, ego, superego;
- Five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency and
genital.
2. Psychosocial Theory.
- Erik Erikson;
- Somatic-, ego- and societal system;
- Eight stages of development: Trust/Mistrust, Autonomy/Shame
and doubt, Initiative/Guilt, Industry/Inferiority, Identity/Identity
confusion, Intimacy/Isolation, Generativity/Stagnation,
Integrity/Despair.
3. Developmental Task Theory.
- Robert Havighurst;
- First tasks (physical maturation), Second tasks (personal sources),
Third tasks (pressures of society);
- Six Major age periods that specific developmental tasks occur;
infancy, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle
adulthood, later maturiry.
4. Behaviourism and Social Learning Theory.
- John B. Watson > Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s principles);
- B. F. Skinner > Operant Conditioning (reinforcers + punishments);
- Albert Bandura > Social Learning Theory, observational
learning/modelling > self-efficacy.
5. The Ethological Perspective.
- Charles Darwin > Natural Selection;
- Konrad Lorenz + Niko Tinbergen > Imprinting > critical period
- Bornstein > sensitive period.
6. Evoltutionary Developmental Theory.
- Geary and Borklund > development is governed by epigenetic
processes; interaction of genes and environments;
7. The Bioecological Model of Development.
- Urie Bronfenbrenner’s > environmental as a dynamic entity which
is constantly changing;
- Micro- Meso-, Exo-, Macro-, Chronosystem.
8. Life Course Theory.
- Elder: Sequence of socially defined, age-graded event and roles
that the individual enacts over time;
1
, - 1. Historical time and place> cohort + period effects. 2. Timing of
lives. 3. Human lives are interdependent of linked to each other.
4. Human beings have agency (power to make decisions and
change our lives).
9. Dynamic Systems Theory.
- Emerged out of a growing disenchantment with traditional
theories’ focus on environmental causes, biological causes, and
interactions of biology and environment as explanations of
development;
- Thelen and Smith; dynamic systems theory is a metatheory;
Cognitive Developmental Theories.
1. Jean Paget’s theory of cognitive development.
- Cognitive structures > adaptations;
- Establishment of Equilibrium;
- Four stages > Sensorimotor Stage – Preoperational stage –
concrete operational stage – formal operational stage.
2. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development.
- Lev Vygotsky > child’s social environment is extremely important
force in their development;
- Internalization > shift from interpersonal to intra personal.
3. Information Processing accounts of development.
- Klahr en MacWhinney/Siegler;
- The Development of skills and strategies increases in an
continuous fashion.
2
,Chapter 4: Physical Growth, Motor Development
and Genetics.
Evolutionary theorists have suggested that our lengthy period of physical
immaturity provides us with added time to acquire the skills and the
knowledge which are required in a complex social world.
Prenatal development: Occurs during the nine months between
conception and birth > has a considerable impact on our later wellbeing.
1. The zygote > first two weeks of life
2. The embryo > beginning of third week until the end of second month
3. The foetus > third month until birth
Central nervous system undergoes rapid changes during this
period;
Brain growth at peak;
End of 3rd month: body parts have developed;
Reflexes (swallowing) in the 5th month;
Eyes open/close by 6th month.
22-26 weeks; Age of Viability > good change of surviving.
Teratogens > Environmental risks to the unborn baby > Effects depends
on factors like:
Dose response;
Age;
Biology;
Combinations.
A teratogen can have psychological and bidirectional consequences.
Maternal Factors: There are certain characteristics of the mother that
can result in risk to the child.
- Maternal age;
- Diet;
- Disease;
- Stress/emotional state.
Environmental Agents: Both parents must evaluate their exposure to
teratogens to ensure their baby’s safety.
Fetal Origins: The research into the early stages of how we start
responding to information from our environments.
Birth: Labour and delivery represent a significant milestone in the lives of
parents and infants > the most common method for determining how an
infant is faring is the Apgar Scoring System:
- Heart rate;
- Respiratory rate;
- Muscle tone;
- Reflex;
- Skin tone.
3
, This access in the first and five minutes after birth > score of 0, 1 or 2. 7-
10 = favourable condition, 4 or less = emergency intervention.
Premature: When a baby is born before the full-term gestational period
of 38 weeks > may also lag on physical and cognitive development
milestones (most catch up by the time they are 4 years old, except the
babies with very low birth weights).
There is evidence that if kids are raised in a stimulating and positive home
environment and the parents receive appropriate support from health,
education and social services, this can facilitate developmental recovery.
Physical growth follows orderly patterns known as Cephalocaudal (the
fact that growth occurs in a head-to-toe direction) and Proximodistal
Development (the fact that development occurs outwards from the
centre of the body).
Nutrition: Height and weight are clearly affected by nutritional intake.
- Breastfeeding meets a baby’s quality of nutritional intake >
advice; six months exclusive + included for at least one year.
- Eating enough quality food is vital for children of all ages.
- Menarche: the onset of menstruation, can be delayed without
proper nutritional intake, just like height and weight.
- Cognitive development:
- Psychosocial dwarfism results from extreme emotional
deprivation.
- Obesity = over-nutrition.
Motor development
Nancy Bayley selected milestones in motor development:
Age Milestone
6 weeks Hold head upright while in a prone position
2 months Roll from back onto side
3 months Directed reaching for objects
5-7 months Sit without support
9-14 months Stand without support
8-12 months Walk with support
12 months Use of pincer grasp when reaching
12-14 months Walk alone
Differentiation: The fact that initially, motor skills are rather global
reactions to a particular stimulus – only with time and practice do motor
behaviours become more precise and adapted to particular ends.
Maturation vs. experience: The maturation of the neural and muscular
systems determines to a large extent when children will acquire a
particular skill: these researchers say that development is under the
control of inherited programs that are genetic in origin > reacting against
behaviourists who believed that motor skills like walking were simply
conditioned reflexes.
4
Semester 1
Chapter 2: Theories of Development.
1. Psychodynamic Theory.
- Sigmund Freud;
- Id, ego, superego;
- Five stages of development: oral, anal, phallic, latency and
genital.
2. Psychosocial Theory.
- Erik Erikson;
- Somatic-, ego- and societal system;
- Eight stages of development: Trust/Mistrust, Autonomy/Shame
and doubt, Initiative/Guilt, Industry/Inferiority, Identity/Identity
confusion, Intimacy/Isolation, Generativity/Stagnation,
Integrity/Despair.
3. Developmental Task Theory.
- Robert Havighurst;
- First tasks (physical maturation), Second tasks (personal sources),
Third tasks (pressures of society);
- Six Major age periods that specific developmental tasks occur;
infancy, middle childhood, adolescence, early adulthood, middle
adulthood, later maturiry.
4. Behaviourism and Social Learning Theory.
- John B. Watson > Classical Conditioning (Pavlov’s principles);
- B. F. Skinner > Operant Conditioning (reinforcers + punishments);
- Albert Bandura > Social Learning Theory, observational
learning/modelling > self-efficacy.
5. The Ethological Perspective.
- Charles Darwin > Natural Selection;
- Konrad Lorenz + Niko Tinbergen > Imprinting > critical period
- Bornstein > sensitive period.
6. Evoltutionary Developmental Theory.
- Geary and Borklund > development is governed by epigenetic
processes; interaction of genes and environments;
7. The Bioecological Model of Development.
- Urie Bronfenbrenner’s > environmental as a dynamic entity which
is constantly changing;
- Micro- Meso-, Exo-, Macro-, Chronosystem.
8. Life Course Theory.
- Elder: Sequence of socially defined, age-graded event and roles
that the individual enacts over time;
1
, - 1. Historical time and place> cohort + period effects. 2. Timing of
lives. 3. Human lives are interdependent of linked to each other.
4. Human beings have agency (power to make decisions and
change our lives).
9. Dynamic Systems Theory.
- Emerged out of a growing disenchantment with traditional
theories’ focus on environmental causes, biological causes, and
interactions of biology and environment as explanations of
development;
- Thelen and Smith; dynamic systems theory is a metatheory;
Cognitive Developmental Theories.
1. Jean Paget’s theory of cognitive development.
- Cognitive structures > adaptations;
- Establishment of Equilibrium;
- Four stages > Sensorimotor Stage – Preoperational stage –
concrete operational stage – formal operational stage.
2. Vygotsky’s sociocultural theory of development.
- Lev Vygotsky > child’s social environment is extremely important
force in their development;
- Internalization > shift from interpersonal to intra personal.
3. Information Processing accounts of development.
- Klahr en MacWhinney/Siegler;
- The Development of skills and strategies increases in an
continuous fashion.
2
,Chapter 4: Physical Growth, Motor Development
and Genetics.
Evolutionary theorists have suggested that our lengthy period of physical
immaturity provides us with added time to acquire the skills and the
knowledge which are required in a complex social world.
Prenatal development: Occurs during the nine months between
conception and birth > has a considerable impact on our later wellbeing.
1. The zygote > first two weeks of life
2. The embryo > beginning of third week until the end of second month
3. The foetus > third month until birth
Central nervous system undergoes rapid changes during this
period;
Brain growth at peak;
End of 3rd month: body parts have developed;
Reflexes (swallowing) in the 5th month;
Eyes open/close by 6th month.
22-26 weeks; Age of Viability > good change of surviving.
Teratogens > Environmental risks to the unborn baby > Effects depends
on factors like:
Dose response;
Age;
Biology;
Combinations.
A teratogen can have psychological and bidirectional consequences.
Maternal Factors: There are certain characteristics of the mother that
can result in risk to the child.
- Maternal age;
- Diet;
- Disease;
- Stress/emotional state.
Environmental Agents: Both parents must evaluate their exposure to
teratogens to ensure their baby’s safety.
Fetal Origins: The research into the early stages of how we start
responding to information from our environments.
Birth: Labour and delivery represent a significant milestone in the lives of
parents and infants > the most common method for determining how an
infant is faring is the Apgar Scoring System:
- Heart rate;
- Respiratory rate;
- Muscle tone;
- Reflex;
- Skin tone.
3
, This access in the first and five minutes after birth > score of 0, 1 or 2. 7-
10 = favourable condition, 4 or less = emergency intervention.
Premature: When a baby is born before the full-term gestational period
of 38 weeks > may also lag on physical and cognitive development
milestones (most catch up by the time they are 4 years old, except the
babies with very low birth weights).
There is evidence that if kids are raised in a stimulating and positive home
environment and the parents receive appropriate support from health,
education and social services, this can facilitate developmental recovery.
Physical growth follows orderly patterns known as Cephalocaudal (the
fact that growth occurs in a head-to-toe direction) and Proximodistal
Development (the fact that development occurs outwards from the
centre of the body).
Nutrition: Height and weight are clearly affected by nutritional intake.
- Breastfeeding meets a baby’s quality of nutritional intake >
advice; six months exclusive + included for at least one year.
- Eating enough quality food is vital for children of all ages.
- Menarche: the onset of menstruation, can be delayed without
proper nutritional intake, just like height and weight.
- Cognitive development:
- Psychosocial dwarfism results from extreme emotional
deprivation.
- Obesity = over-nutrition.
Motor development
Nancy Bayley selected milestones in motor development:
Age Milestone
6 weeks Hold head upright while in a prone position
2 months Roll from back onto side
3 months Directed reaching for objects
5-7 months Sit without support
9-14 months Stand without support
8-12 months Walk with support
12 months Use of pincer grasp when reaching
12-14 months Walk alone
Differentiation: The fact that initially, motor skills are rather global
reactions to a particular stimulus – only with time and practice do motor
behaviours become more precise and adapted to particular ends.
Maturation vs. experience: The maturation of the neural and muscular
systems determines to a large extent when children will acquire a
particular skill: these researchers say that development is under the
control of inherited programs that are genetic in origin > reacting against
behaviourists who believed that motor skills like walking were simply
conditioned reflexes.
4
