BIOL111 FINAL EXAM ACTUAL
LATEST STUDY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Proton - ANSWER-A positively charged subatomic particle located in the
nucleus.
Neutron - ANSWER-A subatomic particle with no charge located in the
nucleus.
Electron - ANSWER-A negativly charged subatomic particle located in
orbitals.
Atomic # - ANSWER-# of protons in nucleus.
Orbitals: electron shells/energy levels.
Ion: an atom or molecule with a charge.
2 electrons on first orbital and up to 8 on the rest.
Ion - ANSWER-An atom or molecule with a charge.
Orbitals (& how many electrons per orbital) - ANSWER-Electron shells/energy
levels.
2 electrons on first orbital and up to 8 on the rest.
Hydrogen bond - ANSWER-A hydrogen atom is attracted to an
electronegative atom like O, F, and N. (weakest).
Covalent bond - ANSWER-Atoms share electrons to form electron pairs.
(medium).
Ionic bond - ANSWER-One atom gives up one or more electrons to another
atom. Results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in
order to obtain a full valence shell. Metals lose electrons, non-metals gain
electrons. (strongest).
Monomer - ANSWER-The individual subunit of many carbon-based molecules.
Polymer - ANSWER-Made of monomers.
What is dehydration synthesis? When does it happen? Endergonic or
exergonic? - ANSWER-The process to make polymers. Occurs when small
,molecules are joined to make larger molecules by removing water using
energy. Endergonic.
What is hydrolysis? When does it happen? Endergonic or exergonic? -
ANSWER-Breaks apart molecules. Occurs when bonds break between
biomolecules and water and energy are released. Exergonic.
What is the valence number of carbon? Why? - ANSWER-4 because it is very
versatile and makes 4 different bonds.
What are the special properties of water? - ANSWER-High specific heat
Polarity
Cohesion
Adhesion
High heat of vaporization.
Lower density as a solid
How could you recognize a carbohydrate (composition, ratio, name)? -
ANSWER-They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1
ratio, (CH2O)n.
How could you recognize a protein (composition, ratio, name)? - ANSWER-
They are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, its characteristic
nitrogen-to-carbon ratio is 1:3, and often by names ending in "-in" or "-ase"
indicating structural or enzymatic functions.
What are the 4 levels of structure of a protein? - ANSWER-Primary: sequence
of amino acids (aa).
Secondary: hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes aa to fold in a
repeating pattern.
Tertiary: 3D folding pattern due to side chain interactions.
Quaternary: protein consisting of more than one aa chain.
How could you recognize a lipid? - ANSWER-Elements: CHO.
Are not polymers; made up of 2 major subunits: fatty acids, glycerol.
Are hydrophobic molecules with covalent bonds.
Classified into 4 types: fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
, What is a saturated vs unsaturated fat? - ANSWER-Saturated fat has no
carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone making it solid at room
temperature, whereas unsaturated fat contains at least one carbon-carbon
double bond in the carbon chain backbone, making it liquid at room
temperature (and better for you because it helps lower bad cholesterol
levels).
What is the storage carbohydrate of plants? Animals? What is the structural
carbohydrate of plants? - ANSWER-Storage: starch is stored in plant
structures and glycogen in the liver and muscles of animals.
Structural: cellulose forms cell walls in plants.
How could you recognize a nucleic acid? - ANSWER-A nucleic acid can be
recognized by its composition of nucleotide monomers containing a sugar,
phosphate group, and nitrogenous base, its high phosphorus content, and
names like DNA or RNA.
What organelles do plants have that animals don't? - ANSWER-
Plasmodesmata, central vacuole, chroloplast, cell wall, and plastid.
What makes up most of the cytoskeleton? (i.e. what is it made of?) -
ANSWER-Intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules.
Know prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cell and organelles that are the same/differ. -
ANSWER-Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles,
while eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and various membrane-bound
organelles.
They both have DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and plasma membrane.
What are the 3 types of intercellular junctions between animal cells? What do
they each do? What do plants use as junctions/channels & why? - ANSWER-
Tight junctions: watertight seals between 2 adjacent cells.
Gap junctions: have channels that allow ions, nutrients, and other small
molecules to move between cells.
Desmosomes: create strong adhesions between cells in tissues that are
under a lot of mechanical stress.
Plasmodesmata because they connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells,
allowing for the exchange of water, nutrients, ions, and signaling molecules
between them.
LATEST STUDY QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Proton - ANSWER-A positively charged subatomic particle located in the
nucleus.
Neutron - ANSWER-A subatomic particle with no charge located in the
nucleus.
Electron - ANSWER-A negativly charged subatomic particle located in
orbitals.
Atomic # - ANSWER-# of protons in nucleus.
Orbitals: electron shells/energy levels.
Ion: an atom or molecule with a charge.
2 electrons on first orbital and up to 8 on the rest.
Ion - ANSWER-An atom or molecule with a charge.
Orbitals (& how many electrons per orbital) - ANSWER-Electron shells/energy
levels.
2 electrons on first orbital and up to 8 on the rest.
Hydrogen bond - ANSWER-A hydrogen atom is attracted to an
electronegative atom like O, F, and N. (weakest).
Covalent bond - ANSWER-Atoms share electrons to form electron pairs.
(medium).
Ionic bond - ANSWER-One atom gives up one or more electrons to another
atom. Results from the transfer of electrons from a metal to a non-metal in
order to obtain a full valence shell. Metals lose electrons, non-metals gain
electrons. (strongest).
Monomer - ANSWER-The individual subunit of many carbon-based molecules.
Polymer - ANSWER-Made of monomers.
What is dehydration synthesis? When does it happen? Endergonic or
exergonic? - ANSWER-The process to make polymers. Occurs when small
,molecules are joined to make larger molecules by removing water using
energy. Endergonic.
What is hydrolysis? When does it happen? Endergonic or exergonic? -
ANSWER-Breaks apart molecules. Occurs when bonds break between
biomolecules and water and energy are released. Exergonic.
What is the valence number of carbon? Why? - ANSWER-4 because it is very
versatile and makes 4 different bonds.
What are the special properties of water? - ANSWER-High specific heat
Polarity
Cohesion
Adhesion
High heat of vaporization.
Lower density as a solid
How could you recognize a carbohydrate (composition, ratio, name)? -
ANSWER-They are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1
ratio, (CH2O)n.
How could you recognize a protein (composition, ratio, name)? - ANSWER-
They are composed of amino acids linked by peptide bonds, its characteristic
nitrogen-to-carbon ratio is 1:3, and often by names ending in "-in" or "-ase"
indicating structural or enzymatic functions.
What are the 4 levels of structure of a protein? - ANSWER-Primary: sequence
of amino acids (aa).
Secondary: hydrogen bonding of the peptide backbone causes aa to fold in a
repeating pattern.
Tertiary: 3D folding pattern due to side chain interactions.
Quaternary: protein consisting of more than one aa chain.
How could you recognize a lipid? - ANSWER-Elements: CHO.
Are not polymers; made up of 2 major subunits: fatty acids, glycerol.
Are hydrophobic molecules with covalent bonds.
Classified into 4 types: fats, phospholipids, steroids, and waxes.
, What is a saturated vs unsaturated fat? - ANSWER-Saturated fat has no
carbon-carbon double bonds in the carbon backbone making it solid at room
temperature, whereas unsaturated fat contains at least one carbon-carbon
double bond in the carbon chain backbone, making it liquid at room
temperature (and better for you because it helps lower bad cholesterol
levels).
What is the storage carbohydrate of plants? Animals? What is the structural
carbohydrate of plants? - ANSWER-Storage: starch is stored in plant
structures and glycogen in the liver and muscles of animals.
Structural: cellulose forms cell walls in plants.
How could you recognize a nucleic acid? - ANSWER-A nucleic acid can be
recognized by its composition of nucleotide monomers containing a sugar,
phosphate group, and nitrogenous base, its high phosphorus content, and
names like DNA or RNA.
What organelles do plants have that animals don't? - ANSWER-
Plasmodesmata, central vacuole, chroloplast, cell wall, and plastid.
What makes up most of the cytoskeleton? (i.e. what is it made of?) -
ANSWER-Intermediate filaments, microfilaments, and microtubules.
Know prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic cell and organelles that are the same/differ. -
ANSWER-Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles,
while eukaryotic cells contain a nucleus and various membrane-bound
organelles.
They both have DNA, cytoplasm, ribosomes, and plasma membrane.
What are the 3 types of intercellular junctions between animal cells? What do
they each do? What do plants use as junctions/channels & why? - ANSWER-
Tight junctions: watertight seals between 2 adjacent cells.
Gap junctions: have channels that allow ions, nutrients, and other small
molecules to move between cells.
Desmosomes: create strong adhesions between cells in tissues that are
under a lot of mechanical stress.
Plasmodesmata because they connect the cytoplasm of adjacent plant cells,
allowing for the exchange of water, nutrients, ions, and signaling molecules
between them.
