LCC Exam 2 Complete Questions And Answers Well Elaborated Guaranteed Pass.

Time - correct answers Languages break up time differently, structures in a past/present/future way. Can language affect perception at other levels of linguistic organization? - correct answers Yes- through words and grammatical structures. Language is key to understanding how people percieve reality. Tense - correct answers grammatical category which is marked by verb inflection and expresses when an event or action happens in the flow of time. Aspect - correct answers Way of encoding time in grammar. It's the time frame for how things occur. In English, tense dominates (I have lost my watch) or (students will complete the homework by next week) Benjamin Lee Whorf - correct answers Noticed fires would happen by empty oil cans labeled "empty" and "inflammable". Concluded that people are gullible and believe anything they can read on a sign. Hopi - correct answers Say "I see" a lot more, Hopi directly impressioning rather than judgment based on experience. Edward Sapir - correct answers anthropologist and linguist of Native Americans. Talked about importance of analyzing vocabulary in order to learn about physical and social environment of people. Language and Thought: 2 Theories - correct answers Sapir-Whorf: Language conditions our thoughts Ethnoscience: Language is understood to be a window into what is culturally significant Example of experiencing/seeing "red" vs. "new" - correct answers Hopi see rather than judging based on experience Evidentials - correct answers morphological elements that indicate the speaker's source of information for the statement he or she is making. Ex. Saying "it burned" has you as the evidence that it burned. Saying "it burned, they said" has another group as the source of information. Aspect in nouns - correct answers Bent object, meandering object Linguistic Relativity - correct answers Goes in hand with Sapir-Whorf. How a language is structured has an impact on how one sees the world!!! Yucatec Maya example (John Lucy) - correct answers Discovered cosmetic contrast by culture. English speakers noticed variation of item by shape, while Yucatec noticed variation of items by material. For 7 y/o, English and Yucatec focus primarily on shape. For 9 y/o, English focus on shape, Yucatec focus on material/ Relationship between language and experience - correct answers Language doesn't interpret, or determine, but conditions experience. "Generic He/Man" - correct answers This had to do with the jury study, revealed patriarchy, set of male privilege because a male got off easier from a murder through self defense. People make judgments by pronouns which ain't cool yo Are "generic" pronouns neutral? - correct answers Maybe they were at once, but nowadays they bring a range of sexuality What does Hamilton et. Al. article show? - correct answers This journal section features Hamilton's findings as a part of her team's question pertaining to how a woman's self-defense claim could be affected by the pronouns given to her in jury instructions. The study involved 72 college students putting them in the imaginary role of jury managers; they were given a summary for the Wanrow case (the case that inspired the study), and then given questions asking their opinion of the case. The students were given differing pronouns for the defendant, which resulted in different responses in whether Wanrow was justified. With these results, Hamilton concludes at the end of the chapter that there is indeed a gender bias in the Wanrow case on whether or not her self-defense was considered justified. Paper Bag Princess: Influence of Language structures at other levels beyond words - correct answers his is a picture book about a prince and princess planning to get married. Princess Elizabeth outsmarts and ultimately defeats a dragon, and rather than praising her, Prince Ronald only comments on her unattractive appearance. With this story, Munsch is trying to make the point that language is a very powerful tool, and physical strength or beauty comes second to it. Words that matter in other social arenas - correct answers Legal vs undocumented, addict vs substance abuser vs person with an addiction Sports Teams names /Mascots - correct answers Controversy because they invoke a semantic field of racism, history of caricature, Film "More than a Word" - correct answers shows how racist sports team names can have a negative impact on a culture as a whole. The film the article talks about, "More Than a Word", two brothers investigate their hometown to reveal that by having a racial mascot in one's hometown, certain individuals have been able to thrive by having a racist mindset. ends with a call to action, claiming the film should be an essential film in higher education to teach the masses about the racism that is still prevalent in our society through language and customs. WORDS INDEX/INVOKE BROADER SEMANTIC FIELDS - Generic "he/man" pronouns - -Current Pronoun debates - Drop the "i-Word" Campaign - Sports Team Names/Mascots - "Addict" vs. "Person with an Addiction" ((Szalavitz, NPR) - correct answers This article takes language in the perspective of how it can stigmatize, specifically with people struggling with drug addiction. According to the article, movements have begun to end using words like "addict" in a noun form and avoid words like "abuse" and "problem" altogether, with the idea being that those addicted won't feel a public stigma associated with them, and thus will be more inclined to get help. The article shows that a cultural change in language could potentially destigmatize a group that generally struggles to ask for help and get better. Similar to how language stigmatized a group of people in the last article, this article shows how racist sports team names can have a negative impact on a culture as a whole. The film the article talks about, "More Than a Word", two brothers investigate their hometown to reveal that by having a racial mascot in one's hometown, certain individuals have been able to thrive by having a racist mindset. The author finishes the article with a call to action, claiming the film should be an essential film in higher education to teach the masses about the racism that is still prevalent in our society through language and customs. This website is beginning a campaign to end using the word "immigrant" as it is stigmatizing a marginalized group of people. The page emphasizes why it matters right now -- according to the website President Trump has "stoked the anti-immigrant sentiment" in recent years, which has heightened more negative views on immigrants. The page also notes that large news outlets are continuing to use the word, which is making the sentiment that it is an okay word to continue saying. With this page, Race Forward's intent is to spread awareness that certain language is creating a culture that is stigmatizing the people in the United States. What are implications and effects of language visibility? Why is language on street/highway signs political? - correct answers Example of cherokee stop sign- by having English on the sign, there's an implication that English is the more prominent language, effectively taking over cherokee as more English speakers begin to inhabit the land of cherokee speakers. Sequoyah c. Cherokee Syllabary - correct answers Sequoyah wrote a written system of Cherokee Syllabary: each character stands for a symbol rather than a sound. Ethnoscience - correct answers Significant cultural info is reflected in language, and organization of vocabulary reveals cultural logic Ex. Soap Lexical items: shampoo, laundry detergent, dish soap, powdered and liquid soap, hand sanitizer In Xevante: Soap and shampoo Words and Lexical Taxonomies - correct answers Kinship: different cultures have different ways of grouping family (cousins are grouped together in Omaha), which makes different cultural groupings. Soap: U.S. vs Xavante - correct answers Links with Ethnoscience. The organization of vocabulary reveals cultural logic US: Lexical items: shampoo, laundry detergent, dish soap, powdered and liquid soap, hand sanitizer Xavante: Soap or shampoo Xavante have a lot of words for savannah (like cerrado), we have 1 word Cars - correct answers Ethnoscience: Xevante typically have just big trucks and little cars, but we have a lot more cars Kinship Terms - correct answers words used to refer to people who are members of the same family that indicate their relationship with other members Omaha links cousins together, Iroquois is also different Color Terms (Berlin & Kay 1969) - correct answers Divided up color spectrum into 329 units, studied 98 different languages. Using elicitation, or getting data from what other people are saying, they identified their focal colors. Findings: Focal "Best" colors tend to be constant across languages and colors All languages have at least 2 color terms (dark and light) Published this in book "Basic Color Terms" Systematic correlation between number of color terms and focal colors combined "Evolution of Color Terms" - correct answers Each language has to have 2 colors (light/dark), next color would be red, then yellow and green. This has to do with Kay and Berlin study Methods 2 Problems with Elicitation Methodology - correct answers1. Assumes homogeneous community of lg users 2. Decontextualized way of study -Makes them sit down and read a piece of paper -Different experience than what they're used to (walking around in rainforest) Restudy in 1970s - correct answers Redid the study with emphasis on age in gender There was variation the second time Simultaneous differences in the color terms Number of terms and sequencing holds, found variation in terms themselves Variation & Age - correct answers Variation is related to age. Youth make linguistic changes, this process is called "synchronic heterogeneity", and his how linguistic systems evolve (think "it's lit") GRUE - correct answers color varied culture, some languages have certain words for certain colors (another ex. We call light red pink) Vietnamese uses "leaf grue" and "ocean grue" to describe green and blue What causes innovation? - correct answers Age (think synchronic variation) Hanunóo (Philippines): Ethnographic Methods - correct answers Color terms in natural context: They had terms for wet and dry colors because that's their environment Examples of how organization of words reveals Cultural Organization/ Cultural Logics - correct answers Status is coded into grammar, Honor titles in English (Sir, Dr.) vs Spanish (Tù vs usted) Diversity in a Language/Biological Analogy - correct answers Survival of the fittest Change and evolution comes from diversity in the system, aka adaptability, how a system can adapt to changes Pragmatics - correct answers Deals with studying speech in cultural context Speech situation: Court room Speech act: Gavel, makes everyone quiet down Speech event: Combination of speech acts, court date Language and context - correct answers the situation in which language is used, including the immediate environment of the speaker and listener and past experiences that each brings to the situation. What kind of social information can be embedded/encoded in language? - correct answers Status (Tù vs usted) Special Codes: Baby talk (pitch, intonation, diminutives) · People shift into this speech style when around babies, dogs, lovers Speech "Registers" Jargon used only by specific people, think doctors WHERE can social information be encoded in language? (At what level of grammar or discourse organization? - correct answers Pitch, intonation, diminutives, words themselves What can accent signal? - correct answers Differences at the phonetic level Phonetic differences (Think accents around US) Everyone has an accent Social status Power Social caste/hierarchy How do languages encode power/equality/status relations? - correct answers Status is coded into grammar, Honor titles in English (Sir, Dr.) vs Spanish (Tù vs usted) Affect - correct answers Language is affect, endings like -ito in spanish reflect their fondness for someone Speech Levels - correct answers· Difference in speech (at any level of grammar) o More or less conscious of different varieties o Can be very socially meaningful · relationships are rooted in social power and differences