AP World History Modern Test 2024-2025 Study
Guide
1. Byzantine Em- Eastern half/continuation of Roman Empire from ~330 C.E. to ~1200
pire/Byzantium Capital: Constantinople (formerly Byzantine, renamed after Roman Emperor Con-
stantine 330 C.E.)
2. Roman Catholic Western European church headed by pope, started in Roman Empire
Church
3. Caesaropapism Secular leader (caesar) also religious leader (pope)
4. Crusades Series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free
the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
5. Conversion of 980-1015
Russia to Chris- Moscow became "third Rome"; stronghold of Eastern Orthodoxy
tianity
6. Feudalism (West- Political and social system of decentralized political power and relationships of
ern Europe) mutual obligation between lords and vassals
7. Manorialism Economic system of self-suflcient rural communities centered around manor/es-
(Western Europe) tate with free/unfree peasants/serfs serving lord in exchange for protection and
land use rights
8. High Middle Ages 1000-1300
External invasions relaxing, climate warming & improving agriculture
Increased urbanization & trade with Islamic & Byzantine civilizations
9. Guilds Groups of people in the same profession who regulate rules of the trade;
emerged during High Middle Ages in Western Europe
10. The Plague Disease spread by flea bites (carried on rats)
Bubonic - in lymphatic system
Septimic - in blood
Pneumonic - in lungs
, AP World History Modern Test 2024-2025 Study
Guide
11. Black Death Major plague epidemic in 14th century spread initially by Mongols to Europe &
MENA; killed 25-50% of Europe.
12. Chinese golden Tang and Song Dynasties
age of arts & liter- Neo-Confucianism created
ature
13. Tang Dynasty 618-907 CE
State structure lasted a millennia
"Censorate" set precedent for surveillance of rest of government
Civil service examinations revived
14. Song Dynasty 960-1279 CE
Neo-Confucianism created - revival of Confucianism incorporating elements of
Buddhism & Daoism
Economic & agricultural revolutions made Song China richest, highly populated,
most skilled, and most urbanized country in the world
15. Tribute System System requiring foreigners to adhere to set of practices acknowledging Chinese
(China) superiority and presenting gifts from their homelands
16. Hangul Script invented in fifteenth century to write Korean
17. Chu nom "southern script" a Vietnamese variation of Chinese writing, which provided the
basis for an independent national literature and a vehicle for the writing of most
educated women
18. Innovations Paper making, printing, calligraphy, gunpowder, silk, porcelain, lacquerware,
spread from more
China to rest of
Eurasia
19.
, Spread of Bud- Religion originated in northern India 5th century BCE, then spread across (East &
dhism Southeast) Asia through Silk Roads starting in 1st and 2nd centuries CE
20. Syncretism Blending of cultural (often religious) values and practices
21. Chinese dynas- Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic, Mao Zedong
ties
22. Confucian theory Top to bottom:
of four layers of Civil servants
society Scholars
Farmers/laborers
Merchants
23. Death of Prophet 632 CE
Muhammad
24. Arab/Islamic Em- Formed after Muhammad's death
pire Series of Arab Muslim caliphates/empires, starting 632 with the Rashidun
Caliphate and ending 1922 with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
25. Sunni-Shia split Muhammad's death 632 CE lead to disagreements over who should succeed him
as caliph (leader of ummah)
Sunnis- ummah/ulama choose caliph
Shias- caliph descended from Muhammad
26. Abbasid Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the
Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad
(founded 762) from 750 to 1258. Influenced by non-Arab Muslims, notably
Persians.
27. Sultanate of Del- Islamic state in northern India established by Turks in 1206
hi
Guide
1. Byzantine Em- Eastern half/continuation of Roman Empire from ~330 C.E. to ~1200
pire/Byzantium Capital: Constantinople (formerly Byzantine, renamed after Roman Emperor Con-
stantine 330 C.E.)
2. Roman Catholic Western European church headed by pope, started in Roman Empire
Church
3. Caesaropapism Secular leader (caesar) also religious leader (pope)
4. Crusades Series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free
the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
5. Conversion of 980-1015
Russia to Chris- Moscow became "third Rome"; stronghold of Eastern Orthodoxy
tianity
6. Feudalism (West- Political and social system of decentralized political power and relationships of
ern Europe) mutual obligation between lords and vassals
7. Manorialism Economic system of self-suflcient rural communities centered around manor/es-
(Western Europe) tate with free/unfree peasants/serfs serving lord in exchange for protection and
land use rights
8. High Middle Ages 1000-1300
External invasions relaxing, climate warming & improving agriculture
Increased urbanization & trade with Islamic & Byzantine civilizations
9. Guilds Groups of people in the same profession who regulate rules of the trade;
emerged during High Middle Ages in Western Europe
10. The Plague Disease spread by flea bites (carried on rats)
Bubonic - in lymphatic system
Septimic - in blood
Pneumonic - in lungs
, AP World History Modern Test 2024-2025 Study
Guide
11. Black Death Major plague epidemic in 14th century spread initially by Mongols to Europe &
MENA; killed 25-50% of Europe.
12. Chinese golden Tang and Song Dynasties
age of arts & liter- Neo-Confucianism created
ature
13. Tang Dynasty 618-907 CE
State structure lasted a millennia
"Censorate" set precedent for surveillance of rest of government
Civil service examinations revived
14. Song Dynasty 960-1279 CE
Neo-Confucianism created - revival of Confucianism incorporating elements of
Buddhism & Daoism
Economic & agricultural revolutions made Song China richest, highly populated,
most skilled, and most urbanized country in the world
15. Tribute System System requiring foreigners to adhere to set of practices acknowledging Chinese
(China) superiority and presenting gifts from their homelands
16. Hangul Script invented in fifteenth century to write Korean
17. Chu nom "southern script" a Vietnamese variation of Chinese writing, which provided the
basis for an independent national literature and a vehicle for the writing of most
educated women
18. Innovations Paper making, printing, calligraphy, gunpowder, silk, porcelain, lacquerware,
spread from more
China to rest of
Eurasia
19.
, Spread of Bud- Religion originated in northern India 5th century BCE, then spread across (East &
dhism Southeast) Asia through Silk Roads starting in 1st and 2nd centuries CE
20. Syncretism Blending of cultural (often religious) values and practices
21. Chinese dynas- Shang, Zhou, Qin, Han, Sui, Tang, Song, Yuan, Ming, Qing, Republic, Mao Zedong
ties
22. Confucian theory Top to bottom:
of four layers of Civil servants
society Scholars
Farmers/laborers
Merchants
23. Death of Prophet 632 CE
Muhammad
24. Arab/Islamic Em- Formed after Muhammad's death
pire Series of Arab Muslim caliphates/empires, starting 632 with the Rashidun
Caliphate and ending 1922 with the collapse of the Ottoman Empire
25. Sunni-Shia split Muhammad's death 632 CE lead to disagreements over who should succeed him
as caliph (leader of ummah)
Sunnis- ummah/ulama choose caliph
Shias- caliph descended from Muhammad
26. Abbasid Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad's uncle, al-Abbas, they overthrew the
Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate and ruled an Islamic empire from their capital in Baghdad
(founded 762) from 750 to 1258. Influenced by non-Arab Muslims, notably
Persians.
27. Sultanate of Del- Islamic state in northern India established by Turks in 1206
hi
