BIOL 207 Molecular Genetics and Heredity || All Accurately Answered.

BIOL 207 Molecular Genetics and Heredity || All Accurately
Answered.


Typical definition of Genetics correct answers The study of genes, heredity, and genetic variation


What is a gene? correct answers •Basic unit of heredity
•Sequence of DNA that codes for a product (RNA or protein) and it's regulatory regions
•Located on chromosomes


What is an allele? correct answers One of two or more versions of a gene


What is a genome? correct answers •The complete set of genetic material in a cell (including
mitochondrial, chloroplast, plasmid DNA)
•Includes genes as well as non-coding DNA regions


Genes vs Traits/phenotypes correct answers •Genes are inherited
•Traits/phenotype are not directly inherited
•Traits/phenotype
•Observable characteristic
•Manifest as a result of the genes an individual carries, and the environment that influences the
expression of the genes
•Heritable trait - when a particular trait can be passed genetically


Central dogma correct answers DNA -> RNA -> Protein


Since all organisms are thought to have evolved from a common ancestor this implies? correct
answers the coding system for genetic information is the same in all living organisms
ATCG

,Model Genetic Organisms correct answers Organisms with characteristics that make them useful
for genetic analysis
-six have been the most intensively studied genetically


Six most intensively studied organisms correct answers Fruit fly, E. coli (bacterium), Nematode,
Arabidopsis thaliana, house mouse, bakers yeast


Common characteristics of model organisms correct answers 1. Short generation time
2. Production of numerous progeny
3. The ability to carry out controlled genetic crosses
4. The ability to be reared in a laboratory environment
5. The availability of numerous genetic variants
6. An accumulated body of knowledge about their genetic systems


How have model organisms advanced our knowledge of human genetics? correct answers
Helped identified that certain alleles/genes are responsibly for certain phenotypes.


Example of early genetics correct answers domestication of plants and animals


Pangenesis correct answers -each part of the body contains genetic information for that particular
part
-specific particles called gemmules carry info from parts of the body to the reproductive organs
(via blood) then passed to the embryo at the moment of conception


Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics / Lamarckian Inheritance correct answers -traits acquired
in a person's lifetime become incorporated onto the person's hereditary info and are passed onto
offspring
ex. those who develop musical abilities may pass it done to there children

,Preformationism correct answers -inside egg or sperm is a tiny version of an adult (homunculus)
-this little man simple enlarges in the course of development
-offspring is genetically solely of the mother or of the father


Blending inheritance correct answers -each traits of offspring are a blend or mixture of parental
traits
-suggested genetic material blends like colored traits


What led to the proposal of the Weismann : Germ-plasm theory correct answers -tested the idea
of acquired inheritance of acquired traits by cutting of the tails of mice for 22 generations
-this did not alter their tail length thus no evidence to support inheritance of acquired
characteristics


Weismann : Germ-plasm theory correct answers cells in reproductive organs carry a complete set
of genetic info that is passed to the egg and sperm


Schleiden and Schwann correct answers The Unified Cell Theory
-Q: What are living things made of?
-all life composed of cells and the cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in living
organisms


Abiognesis correct answers -cells arise spontaneously
-disproved: cells arise only from pre-existing cells


Darwin correct answers -put forth the theory of evolution through natural selection
-recognized the weakness in his theory: lack of understanding of heredity


Key Ideas of Darwin correct answers -variation of traits within populations

, -traits are inherited
-offspring with traits that increase their probability of survival survive to reproduce


Gregor Mendel correct answers -principles of heredity
-discovered basic principles of heredity
-conclusions not widely known in the scientific community until 35 yrs after their publication
-laid the foundation for our modern understanding of heredity
-generally recognized today as the father of genetics
-


3 Laws of Heredity correct answers 1. The law of independent segregation: Each individual
carries two copies of an inherited trait (e.g., alleles), which segregate equally in the following
generation.
2. The law of independent assortment: Different inherited traits sort independently of one another
(e.g., pea plant height and flower colour)
3. The law of dominance: For a trait, one allele is dominant and appears in a 3:1 ratio.
Identification of dominant and recessive genes.


Walther Flemming: chromosomes correct answers -Examined salamander embryos
-First to publish on the movement of chromosomes during cell division in 1879
-Published description of mitosis
-"Solved" the separation of chromosomes from mother to daughter cells
-His observations that chromosomes double is significant to the later-discovered theory of
inheritance


Theodor Boveri & Walter Sutton correct answers •Sperm and eggs contribute the same number
of chromosomes
•Behaviour of chromosomes during cell division (highly organized, appear the same in daughter
cells, and doubles before cell division) can explain Mendel's laws of inheritance