SLHS 115 - Exam 4 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Rated 100%

SLHS 115 - Exam 4 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 Rated 100% Motor Speech Disorder - Answers Disorders of speech resulting from neurologic impairment affecting the motor programming or neuromuscular execution of speech -Problem with articulation Dysarthria - Answers A speech disorder resulting from weakness, paralysis, or incoordination of the muscles of the speech mechanism -Speech sound distortions Substitution errors related to target phoneme -Highly consistent speech-sound errors -Consonant clusters simplified -Little audible or silent groping for a target speech sound -Rapid or slow rate -No periods of unaffected speech -Little difference between reactive or automatic speech and volitional speech; both affected What kind of nerves are necessary for speech breathing? - Answers Spinal nerves -22 of 31 pairs What kind of nerves are necessary for speech production? - Answers Cranial nerves Primary Motor Cortex - Answers A two centimeter wide strip immediately in front of the central sulcus -Descending pathways originate from the primary motor cortex and are important for initiating voluntary motor movements -Damage to an area of primary motor cortex in one of the cerebral hemispheres will cause weakness or paralysis of that part of the body on the opposite side -Important for Motor Speech Function Pyramidal Tract - Answers Direct activation pathway, originates in the primary motor cortex and is responsible for rapid, discrete, volitional movement of the limbs and of the articulators for speech production -Directly connects the cortex (Outer layer of the brain) to the neurons that directly control the activation of muscles for the initiation of movement Extrapyramidal Tract - Answers Indirect activation pathway, important for regulating reflexes and maintaining posture and muscle tone which provides the necessary framework to facilitate movement carried out by the direct activation system Upper Motor Neuron System - Answers Made up of the indirect and direct activation systems Basal Ganglia - Answers Large subcortical nuclei that regulate motor functioning and maintain posture and muscle tone -Part of the brain's extrapyramidal system -Modulate the activity of the primary motor cortex and indirectly influence movement Cerebellum - Answers Coordinate the control of fine, complex motor activities, maintain muscle tone and participate in motor learning Motor Speech Production Process - Answers 1. The movement plan/program which is an organized set of motor commands that specifieds all of teh necessary parameters of movement is retrieved from memory 2. The motor plan is sent to teh motor control areas (Primary motor cortex) 3. It is transmitted from precise timing along the nerves to muscles and structures of the speech mechanism, resulting in sequences of acoustic signals that are recognized as speech sounds External Sensory Mechanisms - Answers Detect and analyze the external environment Internal Movement Feedback - Answers Helps us know the position and movement of body structures in space Peripheral Nervous System - Answers Consists of 12 pairs of cranial nerves, most of which originate in the brain stem, and 31 pairs of spinal nerves that exit the vertebral column and travel to adn from muscles of the body -helps the Central Nervous System communicate with the body Cranial Nerves - Answers Important for speech production, arranged vertically along the brain stem and are referred to by roman numerals which correspond with their vertical order Spinal Nerves - Answers 22 of the 31 pairs of nerves, important for breathing for purposes of speech production Flaccid Dysarthria - Answers Muscles are weak and reduced in tone; decreased reflexes; flaccid paralysis; eventual atrophy of muscles -CHARACTERISTICS: Continuous breathiness, monopitch, hypernasalily, short phrases, imprecise articulation Spastic Dysarthria - Answers Weak, spastic muscles; hyperactive reflexes; increased muscle tone -Associated with bilateral strokes or brain damage to both sides of the cortex -CHARACTERISTICS Imprecise consonants, slow speaking rate, strained-strangled voice quality, pitch breaks -Facial expressions does not match the way the patient is feeling Ataxic Dysarthria - Answers Incoordination, reduced muscle tone; poor accuracy and timing of movements -Associated with damage to the cerebellum -CHARACTERISTICS Irregular articulatory breakdowns and distorted vowels, Harsh Voice Quality, excess and equal stress, voicing errors -Coordination disorder, problems with reaching, stepping cannot judge distance of where the cup is or how high to lift their feet when walking Hypokinetic Dysarthria - Answers Reduced movement; muscle rigidity and stiffness, difficulties starting and stopping movements