SLHS 115 Exam 2 Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025-2026 Rated A+
Language Impairment - Answers Heterogenous group, disorders/delays that are causes by
communication disorders (including form, content, and use)
Intentionality - Answers Intention to influence who we are communicating with (can be gestures or
verbal, begins at 8-9 months)
PCFs/protowards - Answers Consistent vocal patterns that are often paired with gestures (only applies to
infants)
Representation - Answers Process of having one thing stand for another (such as using a piece of paper
as a blanket for a doll)
Symbolization - Answers Arbitrary symbol that stands for something ("mom" represents the biological
person who gave birth to the child)
Lexicon - Answers Personal dictionary
Reciprocal process/responding vocally to partner, recognizing sounds, cooing and other sounds, facial
recognition - Answers 3 months/shortly after birth
Use of gestures - Answers 8 months
Eyes move in direction of sound, pay attention to music, babbling begins (sounds more like speech than
cooing), vocalize pleasure and displeasure - Answers 4-6 months
first words spoken - Answers 12 months
Proper syntax - Answers 18 months
Adds bound morphemes - Answers 2 years
More adult-like sentence structure - Answers 3 years
Tailors talking style depending on partner, most language is learned, enjoy stories - Answers 4-5 years
Reading and writing/visual mode of communication - Answers 6 years
Reformulation - Answers This is when the adult repeats back to the child in the correct way
Mean length utterance (MLU) - Answers This is how we describe children's language development
Fast mapping - Answers child infers the meaning of a word from context and then uses that word in a
similar manner
Metalinguistic skills - Answers Enables a child to consider language in the abstract
,Figurative language - Answers This is school-age children's ability to understand sarcasm and other
things we say with ulterior meanings
Focusing on both an object and a second party - Answers Joint reference
Caregiver pays close attention to what the child is communicating and then responds in a way that
meets the child's needs - indicators = - Answers Caregiver responsiveness
Cooing, different cries for different needs, responds vocally to partner - Answers Vocal development 0-3
months
Gurgling, more speech-like babbling, laugh/vocalize pleasure - Answers Vocal development 4-6 months
Babbling changes and combines more sounds, speech sounds are used for more than just gaining
attention, protowards with intentionality - Answers Vocal development 7-12 months
12 months - child must store sounds, use these sounds for later comparison, and then relate these
sounds to meaning - Answers First word: approximate age, what are the components that make a "true"
word
-Combining words and adding bound morphemes
-About 50 single words
-3-4 word combinations - Answers Major achievements at 18-24 months (number of words, types of
word combinations)
preschool - Answers Age fast-mapping begins
Recounting the past, remembering personal stories, - Answers Why preschoolers communicate
Hypotheses, feedback and models from caregivers (ex. reformulation) - Answers What does speech
development depend on for preschoolers
Longer and more complex, adult-like negative, interrogative, and imperative sentence forms, compound
sentences - Answers Syntax achievements for preschoolers
Metalinguistic skills, using higher-level language skills - Answers School age: functional flexibility,
reading/writing
1. Conversational skills develop
2. Narratives expand and gain all the elements of mature storytelling
-Interrupting increases to move the topic along - Answers School-age/adolescents: achievements in use
, A disorder in one or more of the basic learning process in understanding written or spoken language -
Answers Define language impairment
ID, LD, SLI, ASD, traumatic brain injury, FAS and drug-exposed children, hearing impairment - Answers
Causes of LI
Substantial limitations in intellectual functioning, significant limitations in adaptive behavior, originating
before age 18 - Answers Define intellectual disability
mild, moderate, severe, profound (usually based on IQ level), but is now transitioning to how much
assistance is necessary to help individual get around - Answers Define severity of intellectual disabilities
Biological and sociocultural factors - Answers factors that impact the severity level of the cognitive
impairment
This is the biggest limitation -
- Delayed development
-Comprehension/production is below their cognitive level
- shorter/more immature forms
- Later, they deviate from typical developmental patterns - Answers What are the characteristic
language impairments in ID?
Heterogenous group with difficulties listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and with math -
Answers Define learning disability
Primarily have difficulties learning and using symbols;
most people with a learning disorder have a language learning disorder - Answers Define language-
learning disability
Persistent difficulties during formal years of schooling, current academic skills are well below the range,
the difficulties cannot be attributed to a comorbid disorder - Answers Main diagnostic criteria for
Specific Learning Disorder
-Written and spoken are affected
-Pragmatics: turn taking in conversation, little interest in language or books
-Semantics: word-finding difficulties
-Form: cluttering aka overuse of fillers, rapid speech, repetitions - Answers What are the characteristic
language impairments in Learning Disabilities?
Language Impairment - Answers Heterogenous group, disorders/delays that are causes by
communication disorders (including form, content, and use)
Intentionality - Answers Intention to influence who we are communicating with (can be gestures or
verbal, begins at 8-9 months)
PCFs/protowards - Answers Consistent vocal patterns that are often paired with gestures (only applies to
infants)
Representation - Answers Process of having one thing stand for another (such as using a piece of paper
as a blanket for a doll)
Symbolization - Answers Arbitrary symbol that stands for something ("mom" represents the biological
person who gave birth to the child)
Lexicon - Answers Personal dictionary
Reciprocal process/responding vocally to partner, recognizing sounds, cooing and other sounds, facial
recognition - Answers 3 months/shortly after birth
Use of gestures - Answers 8 months
Eyes move in direction of sound, pay attention to music, babbling begins (sounds more like speech than
cooing), vocalize pleasure and displeasure - Answers 4-6 months
first words spoken - Answers 12 months
Proper syntax - Answers 18 months
Adds bound morphemes - Answers 2 years
More adult-like sentence structure - Answers 3 years
Tailors talking style depending on partner, most language is learned, enjoy stories - Answers 4-5 years
Reading and writing/visual mode of communication - Answers 6 years
Reformulation - Answers This is when the adult repeats back to the child in the correct way
Mean length utterance (MLU) - Answers This is how we describe children's language development
Fast mapping - Answers child infers the meaning of a word from context and then uses that word in a
similar manner
Metalinguistic skills - Answers Enables a child to consider language in the abstract
,Figurative language - Answers This is school-age children's ability to understand sarcasm and other
things we say with ulterior meanings
Focusing on both an object and a second party - Answers Joint reference
Caregiver pays close attention to what the child is communicating and then responds in a way that
meets the child's needs - indicators = - Answers Caregiver responsiveness
Cooing, different cries for different needs, responds vocally to partner - Answers Vocal development 0-3
months
Gurgling, more speech-like babbling, laugh/vocalize pleasure - Answers Vocal development 4-6 months
Babbling changes and combines more sounds, speech sounds are used for more than just gaining
attention, protowards with intentionality - Answers Vocal development 7-12 months
12 months - child must store sounds, use these sounds for later comparison, and then relate these
sounds to meaning - Answers First word: approximate age, what are the components that make a "true"
word
-Combining words and adding bound morphemes
-About 50 single words
-3-4 word combinations - Answers Major achievements at 18-24 months (number of words, types of
word combinations)
preschool - Answers Age fast-mapping begins
Recounting the past, remembering personal stories, - Answers Why preschoolers communicate
Hypotheses, feedback and models from caregivers (ex. reformulation) - Answers What does speech
development depend on for preschoolers
Longer and more complex, adult-like negative, interrogative, and imperative sentence forms, compound
sentences - Answers Syntax achievements for preschoolers
Metalinguistic skills, using higher-level language skills - Answers School age: functional flexibility,
reading/writing
1. Conversational skills develop
2. Narratives expand and gain all the elements of mature storytelling
-Interrupting increases to move the topic along - Answers School-age/adolescents: achievements in use
, A disorder in one or more of the basic learning process in understanding written or spoken language -
Answers Define language impairment
ID, LD, SLI, ASD, traumatic brain injury, FAS and drug-exposed children, hearing impairment - Answers
Causes of LI
Substantial limitations in intellectual functioning, significant limitations in adaptive behavior, originating
before age 18 - Answers Define intellectual disability
mild, moderate, severe, profound (usually based on IQ level), but is now transitioning to how much
assistance is necessary to help individual get around - Answers Define severity of intellectual disabilities
Biological and sociocultural factors - Answers factors that impact the severity level of the cognitive
impairment
This is the biggest limitation -
- Delayed development
-Comprehension/production is below their cognitive level
- shorter/more immature forms
- Later, they deviate from typical developmental patterns - Answers What are the characteristic
language impairments in ID?
Heterogenous group with difficulties listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and with math -
Answers Define learning disability
Primarily have difficulties learning and using symbols;
most people with a learning disorder have a language learning disorder - Answers Define language-
learning disability
Persistent difficulties during formal years of schooling, current academic skills are well below the range,
the difficulties cannot be attributed to a comorbid disorder - Answers Main diagnostic criteria for
Specific Learning Disorder
-Written and spoken are affected
-Pragmatics: turn taking in conversation, little interest in language or books
-Semantics: word-finding difficulties
-Form: cluttering aka overuse of fillers, rapid speech, repetitions - Answers What are the characteristic
language impairments in Learning Disabilities?
