QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH METHODS MULTIPLE
CHOICE QUESTIONS
Lecture 1
1. Which of the following best describes Stephen Toulmin's model of argumentation?
a) A framework that emphasizes emotional appeals in reasoning
b) A model focusing solely on deductive reasoning
c) A structure that connects data and justification to support a conclusion
d) A statistical model for analyzing large datasets
Answer: c) A structure that connects data and justification to support a conclusion
2. What is the primary purpose of the "warrant" in Toulmin’s model?
a) To provide numerical evidence for a claim
b) To establish a connection between data and the conclusion
c) To propose an alternative claim
d) To reject the null hypothesis
Answer: b) To establish a connection between data and the conclusion
3. In measurement levels, what differentiates an interval scale from an ordinal scale?
a) Interval scales have a true zero point
b) Interval scales include equal intervals between values
c) Nominal values can be ranked, but ordinal values cannot
d) Ratio scales do not allow for Pearson correlation
Answer: b) Interval scales include equal intervals between values
4. What distinguishes ratio measurement from interval measurement?
a) Ratio data can be categorized, while interval data cannot
b) Interval and ratio data are both non-metric data types
c) Ratio data is the same as ordinal data, while interval data is not
d) Ratio data includes a true zero point, while interval data does not
Answer: d) Ratio data includes a true zero point, while interval data does not
5. Which measurement level involves categorizing data without any inherent order?
a) Ordinal
b) Interval
c) Nominal
d) Ratio
Answer: c) Nominal
6. What is the main reason for rejecting the null hypothesis in statistical analysis?
a) The p-value is greater than 0.05
,b) The p-value is less than the chosen alpha level
c) The sample size is small
d) The population distribution matches the sample distribution
Answer: b) The p-value is less than the chosen alpha level
7. In hypothesis testing, what does rejecting the null hypothesis (H₀) mean?
a) The alternative hypothesis is necessarily true
b) The p-value is greater than the significance level
c) There is enough evidence to suggest that H₀ is false
d) The sample data has no statistical significance
Answer: c) There is enough evidence to suggest that H₀ is false
8. What is the key characteristic of primary data?
a) It is collected specifically for the research being conducted
b) It is derived from previously collected datasets
c) It is always cheaper to obtain than secondary data
d) It cannot be used in combination with secondary data
Answer: a) It is collected specifically for the research being conducted
9. What is one major disadvantage of using secondary data?
a) It is time-consuming to collect
b) It is always more expensive than primary data
c) It may not be valid or reliable for the research purpose
d) It is always less accurate than primary data
Answer: c) It may not be valid or reliable for the research purpose
10. In a Chi-square test, which result would typically lead to rejecting the null hypothesis
(H₀)?
a) p > α
b) p < α
c) p = 0
d) p > 1
Answer: b) p < α
11. In the Toulmin model, the claim represents:
a) A statistical calculation to determine correlation
b) The process of justifying data collection methods
c) The point of view or conclusion the argument is trying to establish
d) A method of drawing random samples
Answer: c) The point of view or conclusion the argument is trying to establish
12. Why is an alpha level of 0.30 used in representativity tests?
a) To increase the likelihood of Type I errors
,b) To decrease the probability of a Type II error
c) To increase confidence interval precision
d) To ensure statistical significance at all times
Answer: b) To decrease the probability of a Type II error
13. In research sampling, what distinguishes stratified sampling from cluster sampling?
a) Stratified sampling selects entire groups, while cluster sampling selects individuals
b) Stratified sampling ensures representation within groups, while cluster sampling involves
selecting entire clusters
c) Cluster sampling requires random selection, while stratified sampling does not
d) Stratified sampling is only used in qualitative research
Answer: b) Stratified sampling ensures representation within groups, while cluster
sampling involves selecting entire clusters
14. In non-probability sampling, which technique involves recruiting participants based on
referrals from other participants?
a) Convenience sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Snowball sampling
d) Systematic sampling
Answer: c) Snowball sampling
15. A researcher wants to ensure that their sample contains exactly 50% male and 50%
female respondents. Which sampling method should they use?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Judgmental sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) Stratified random sampling
Answer: c) Quota sampling
16. What does external validity refer to in research?
a) The extent to which results can be generalized to the population
b) The accuracy of the measurement process
c) The likelihood of a Type I error
d) The extent to which research results support the null hypothesis
Answer: a) The extent to which results can be generalized to the population
17. If a researcher removes all cases where data is missing on any variable, which method
are they using?
a) Imputation
b) Listwise deletion
c) Pairwise deletion
d) Regression-based estimation
, Answer: b) Listwise deletion
18. Which of the following would be an example of a systematic sampling method with a
random start?
a) Selecting participants based on specific quotas
b) Selecting participants based on convenience
c) Dividing a population into subgroups and sampling from each subgroup
d) Selecting every 5th person from a list after picking a random starting point
Answer: d) Selecting every 5th person from a list after picking a random starting point
19. What does the term "MCAR" (Missing Completely At Random) mean in missing data
analysis?
a) Missing data is related to specific participant characteristics
b) The probability of missing data is the same across all observations
c) Missing data patterns can be predicted based on other variables
d) Missing data occurs only in categorical variables
Answer: b) The probability of missing data is the same across all observations
20. When conducting a Chi-square test, what does a degree of freedom (DF) of 3 indicate?
a) The test is analyzing three different datasets
b) The difference between expected and observed values is significant
c) The test must be recalculated using a lower alpha level
d) The number of categories minus one equals three
Answer: d) The number of categories minus one equals three
Lecture 2
1. Why is reliability analysis crucial in research?
a) It ensures that multiple constructs are measured in a single scale
b) It verifies that a dataset contains only valid responses
c) It checks if a set of items consistently measure the same concept
d) It ensures that the research question is appropriate
Answer: c) It checks if a set of items consistently measure the same concept
2. If a set of survey items measure different constructs rather than a single one, what is the
most likely consequence?
a) High reliability and low validity
b) Low reliability and high validity
c) Low reliability and low validity
d) High reliability and high validity
Answer: c) Low reliability and low validity
CHOICE QUESTIONS
Lecture 1
1. Which of the following best describes Stephen Toulmin's model of argumentation?
a) A framework that emphasizes emotional appeals in reasoning
b) A model focusing solely on deductive reasoning
c) A structure that connects data and justification to support a conclusion
d) A statistical model for analyzing large datasets
Answer: c) A structure that connects data and justification to support a conclusion
2. What is the primary purpose of the "warrant" in Toulmin’s model?
a) To provide numerical evidence for a claim
b) To establish a connection between data and the conclusion
c) To propose an alternative claim
d) To reject the null hypothesis
Answer: b) To establish a connection between data and the conclusion
3. In measurement levels, what differentiates an interval scale from an ordinal scale?
a) Interval scales have a true zero point
b) Interval scales include equal intervals between values
c) Nominal values can be ranked, but ordinal values cannot
d) Ratio scales do not allow for Pearson correlation
Answer: b) Interval scales include equal intervals between values
4. What distinguishes ratio measurement from interval measurement?
a) Ratio data can be categorized, while interval data cannot
b) Interval and ratio data are both non-metric data types
c) Ratio data is the same as ordinal data, while interval data is not
d) Ratio data includes a true zero point, while interval data does not
Answer: d) Ratio data includes a true zero point, while interval data does not
5. Which measurement level involves categorizing data without any inherent order?
a) Ordinal
b) Interval
c) Nominal
d) Ratio
Answer: c) Nominal
6. What is the main reason for rejecting the null hypothesis in statistical analysis?
a) The p-value is greater than 0.05
,b) The p-value is less than the chosen alpha level
c) The sample size is small
d) The population distribution matches the sample distribution
Answer: b) The p-value is less than the chosen alpha level
7. In hypothesis testing, what does rejecting the null hypothesis (H₀) mean?
a) The alternative hypothesis is necessarily true
b) The p-value is greater than the significance level
c) There is enough evidence to suggest that H₀ is false
d) The sample data has no statistical significance
Answer: c) There is enough evidence to suggest that H₀ is false
8. What is the key characteristic of primary data?
a) It is collected specifically for the research being conducted
b) It is derived from previously collected datasets
c) It is always cheaper to obtain than secondary data
d) It cannot be used in combination with secondary data
Answer: a) It is collected specifically for the research being conducted
9. What is one major disadvantage of using secondary data?
a) It is time-consuming to collect
b) It is always more expensive than primary data
c) It may not be valid or reliable for the research purpose
d) It is always less accurate than primary data
Answer: c) It may not be valid or reliable for the research purpose
10. In a Chi-square test, which result would typically lead to rejecting the null hypothesis
(H₀)?
a) p > α
b) p < α
c) p = 0
d) p > 1
Answer: b) p < α
11. In the Toulmin model, the claim represents:
a) A statistical calculation to determine correlation
b) The process of justifying data collection methods
c) The point of view or conclusion the argument is trying to establish
d) A method of drawing random samples
Answer: c) The point of view or conclusion the argument is trying to establish
12. Why is an alpha level of 0.30 used in representativity tests?
a) To increase the likelihood of Type I errors
,b) To decrease the probability of a Type II error
c) To increase confidence interval precision
d) To ensure statistical significance at all times
Answer: b) To decrease the probability of a Type II error
13. In research sampling, what distinguishes stratified sampling from cluster sampling?
a) Stratified sampling selects entire groups, while cluster sampling selects individuals
b) Stratified sampling ensures representation within groups, while cluster sampling involves
selecting entire clusters
c) Cluster sampling requires random selection, while stratified sampling does not
d) Stratified sampling is only used in qualitative research
Answer: b) Stratified sampling ensures representation within groups, while cluster
sampling involves selecting entire clusters
14. In non-probability sampling, which technique involves recruiting participants based on
referrals from other participants?
a) Convenience sampling
b) Quota sampling
c) Snowball sampling
d) Systematic sampling
Answer: c) Snowball sampling
15. A researcher wants to ensure that their sample contains exactly 50% male and 50%
female respondents. Which sampling method should they use?
a) Simple random sampling
b) Judgmental sampling
c) Quota sampling
d) Stratified random sampling
Answer: c) Quota sampling
16. What does external validity refer to in research?
a) The extent to which results can be generalized to the population
b) The accuracy of the measurement process
c) The likelihood of a Type I error
d) The extent to which research results support the null hypothesis
Answer: a) The extent to which results can be generalized to the population
17. If a researcher removes all cases where data is missing on any variable, which method
are they using?
a) Imputation
b) Listwise deletion
c) Pairwise deletion
d) Regression-based estimation
, Answer: b) Listwise deletion
18. Which of the following would be an example of a systematic sampling method with a
random start?
a) Selecting participants based on specific quotas
b) Selecting participants based on convenience
c) Dividing a population into subgroups and sampling from each subgroup
d) Selecting every 5th person from a list after picking a random starting point
Answer: d) Selecting every 5th person from a list after picking a random starting point
19. What does the term "MCAR" (Missing Completely At Random) mean in missing data
analysis?
a) Missing data is related to specific participant characteristics
b) The probability of missing data is the same across all observations
c) Missing data patterns can be predicted based on other variables
d) Missing data occurs only in categorical variables
Answer: b) The probability of missing data is the same across all observations
20. When conducting a Chi-square test, what does a degree of freedom (DF) of 3 indicate?
a) The test is analyzing three different datasets
b) The difference between expected and observed values is significant
c) The test must be recalculated using a lower alpha level
d) The number of categories minus one equals three
Answer: d) The number of categories minus one equals three
Lecture 2
1. Why is reliability analysis crucial in research?
a) It ensures that multiple constructs are measured in a single scale
b) It verifies that a dataset contains only valid responses
c) It checks if a set of items consistently measure the same concept
d) It ensures that the research question is appropriate
Answer: c) It checks if a set of items consistently measure the same concept
2. If a set of survey items measure different constructs rather than a single one, what is the
most likely consequence?
a) High reliability and low validity
b) Low reliability and high validity
c) Low reliability and low validity
d) High reliability and high validity
Answer: c) Low reliability and low validity
