BIO 207 ACTUAL EXAM 3 QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS
GRADED A+ 2025/2026
✔✔why should allele and genotype frequency must always be between 0 and 1 - ✔✔If
an allele frequency is 1.0, the allele is said to be fixed in the population.If an allele
frequency becomes 0, then the allele is said to be lost from the population.Genotype
frequency and Allele frequency
✔✔What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state? - ✔✔That allele frequencies in a
population should remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies
to change.
✔✔the hardy-weinberg model has three important consequences: - ✔✔1. Dominant
traits do not necessarily increase from one generation to the next.
2. Genetic variability can be maintained in a population, since, once established in an
ideal population, allele frequencies remain unchanged.
3. Under Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, knowing the frequency of just one genotype
enables us to calculate the frequencies of all other genotypes at that locus
✔✔Five Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg - ✔✔- Infinitely large population (no genetic
drift)
- No mutation
- No migration
- Random mating (no sexual selection)
- No natural selection
✔✔Inbreeding - ✔✔Inbreeding is mating among individuals having common ancestors
and is therefore non-random.
For a given allele, inbreeding increases the proportion of homozygotes and decreases
the proportion of
heterozygotes in the population.
Such non-random mating can therefore change the frequencies of genotypes in a
population but not the
allele frequency.
✔✔what would a completely inbred population consist of - ✔✔will theoretically consist
only of homozygous genotype
✔✔why is high level of interbreeding harmful - ✔✔because it increases the probability
that the number of individuals homozygous for deleterious and/or lethal alleles will
increase in the population.In humans,
inbreeding is called as consanguineous marriage.
, ✔✔Hardy-Weinberg law equation - ✔✔p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
✔✔Biological evolution - ✔✔refers to a genetic change in a group of organisms
✔✔Evolution is a two-step process. The two types or steps involved in evolutionary
process: - ✔✔Anagenesis (Phylectic Evolution):
▪ Evolution taking place in a single group (or a lineage) with the passage of time.
▪ Takes place through a process of steady transformation.
Cladogenesis:
▪ Splitting of one lineage into two.
▪ New species arise by cladogenesis.
✔✔why should gentetic variation must be present for the evolution to take place -
✔✔Many natural populations contain high levels of genetic variation.Early evolutionary
geneticists were forced to rely on the phenotypic traits to understand genetic
variation.For example, the phenotypic variation in the spottingpatterns of the butterfly
Panaxia dominula.
✔✔molecular variation - ✔✔-Molecular data are genetic.
-Molecular methods can be used with all organisms.
-Molecular methods can be applied to a huge amount of genetic variation.
-All organisms can be compared with the use of some molecular data.
-Molecular data are quantifiable.
✔✔2 types of molecular variation - ✔✔1. Protein sequence variation
▪ Protein sequencing
▪ Identification and analysis using gel electrophoresis - Proteomics
2. DNA sequence variation
▪ Restriction-site variation
▪ Microsatellite variation
▪ DNA sequencing - Genomics
✔✔Rates of molecular evolution can be determined by studying: - ✔✔1. Rates of
nucleotide substitution
2. Nonsynonymous and synonymous rates of substitution
3. Substitution rates for different parts of a gene e.g. highest rates of nucleotide
substitution are seen insequences that have the least effect on protein function.
✔✔is the rte at which protein eveolves over time constant? - ✔✔yes,
Therefore, the amount of molecular change that a protein has undergone can be used
as a molecular clock to date the evolutionary events.
It is based on the assumption of a constant rate of change in protein or DNA sequence.
GRADED A+ 2025/2026
✔✔why should allele and genotype frequency must always be between 0 and 1 - ✔✔If
an allele frequency is 1.0, the allele is said to be fixed in the population.If an allele
frequency becomes 0, then the allele is said to be lost from the population.Genotype
frequency and Allele frequency
✔✔What does the Hardy-Weinberg principle state? - ✔✔That allele frequencies in a
population should remain constant unless one or more factors cause those frequencies
to change.
✔✔the hardy-weinberg model has three important consequences: - ✔✔1. Dominant
traits do not necessarily increase from one generation to the next.
2. Genetic variability can be maintained in a population, since, once established in an
ideal population, allele frequencies remain unchanged.
3. Under Hardy-Weinberg assumptions, knowing the frequency of just one genotype
enables us to calculate the frequencies of all other genotypes at that locus
✔✔Five Assumptions of Hardy-Weinberg - ✔✔- Infinitely large population (no genetic
drift)
- No mutation
- No migration
- Random mating (no sexual selection)
- No natural selection
✔✔Inbreeding - ✔✔Inbreeding is mating among individuals having common ancestors
and is therefore non-random.
For a given allele, inbreeding increases the proportion of homozygotes and decreases
the proportion of
heterozygotes in the population.
Such non-random mating can therefore change the frequencies of genotypes in a
population but not the
allele frequency.
✔✔what would a completely inbred population consist of - ✔✔will theoretically consist
only of homozygous genotype
✔✔why is high level of interbreeding harmful - ✔✔because it increases the probability
that the number of individuals homozygous for deleterious and/or lethal alleles will
increase in the population.In humans,
inbreeding is called as consanguineous marriage.
, ✔✔Hardy-Weinberg law equation - ✔✔p2 + 2pq + q2 = 1
✔✔Biological evolution - ✔✔refers to a genetic change in a group of organisms
✔✔Evolution is a two-step process. The two types or steps involved in evolutionary
process: - ✔✔Anagenesis (Phylectic Evolution):
▪ Evolution taking place in a single group (or a lineage) with the passage of time.
▪ Takes place through a process of steady transformation.
Cladogenesis:
▪ Splitting of one lineage into two.
▪ New species arise by cladogenesis.
✔✔why should gentetic variation must be present for the evolution to take place -
✔✔Many natural populations contain high levels of genetic variation.Early evolutionary
geneticists were forced to rely on the phenotypic traits to understand genetic
variation.For example, the phenotypic variation in the spottingpatterns of the butterfly
Panaxia dominula.
✔✔molecular variation - ✔✔-Molecular data are genetic.
-Molecular methods can be used with all organisms.
-Molecular methods can be applied to a huge amount of genetic variation.
-All organisms can be compared with the use of some molecular data.
-Molecular data are quantifiable.
✔✔2 types of molecular variation - ✔✔1. Protein sequence variation
▪ Protein sequencing
▪ Identification and analysis using gel electrophoresis - Proteomics
2. DNA sequence variation
▪ Restriction-site variation
▪ Microsatellite variation
▪ DNA sequencing - Genomics
✔✔Rates of molecular evolution can be determined by studying: - ✔✔1. Rates of
nucleotide substitution
2. Nonsynonymous and synonymous rates of substitution
3. Substitution rates for different parts of a gene e.g. highest rates of nucleotide
substitution are seen insequences that have the least effect on protein function.
✔✔is the rte at which protein eveolves over time constant? - ✔✔yes,
Therefore, the amount of molecular change that a protein has undergone can be used
as a molecular clock to date the evolutionary events.
It is based on the assumption of a constant rate of change in protein or DNA sequence.
