Human disease
The emphasis will be on the clinical practice of diagnosis and therapy, rather than on the scientific
basis to understand disease processes
Inhoudsopgave
Lung disease- C. Dubois........................................................................................................................ 5
Lung diseases affecting the airways .................................................................................................... 6
Asthma ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ............................................................................ 7
Emphysema...................................................................................................................................... 7
Acute and Chronic bronchitis .......................................................................................................... 7
Cystic fibrosis .................................................................................................................................. 8
Lung disease affecting the alveoli ....................................................................................................... 8
Pneumonia ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Tuberculosis ................................................................................................................................... 10
Emphysema: resulting from damage to fragile connections between alveoli ................................ 12
Pulmonary oedema ........................................................................................................................ 12
Lung cancer ................................................................................................................................... 13
Pneumoconiosis ............................................................................................................................. 14
Lung diseases affecting the interstitium ............................................................................................ 14
Sarcoidosis .................................................................................................................................... 15
Other lung diseases ............................................................................................................................ 16
Vascular diseases- C. Dubois .............................................................................................................. 17
Arteriosclerosis.................................................................................................................................. 17
Atherosclerosis .............................................................................................................................. 17
Aneurysms ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Dissection .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Aortitis/vasculitis............................................................................................................................... 22
Venous disorders................................................................................................................................ 22
Deep vein thrombosis .................................................................................................................... 22
Pulmonary embolism ..................................................................................................................... 23
Chronic venous insufficiency and post-phlebitic syndrome........................................................... 24
Superficial venous thrombosis: Phlebitis ...................................................................................... 24
Varicose veins ................................................................................................................................ 24
Coronary artery disease, ECG basics and arrhythmias- C. Dubois ............................................... 25
Coronary artery disease ..................................................................................................................... 25
ECG basics ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Heart Failure and Valve Diseases- C. Dubois.................................................................................... 28
1
, Heart failure....................................................................................................................................... 28
Valve Disease .................................................................................................................................... 33
Carditis and Congenital heart disease- C. Dubois ............................................................................ 34
Carditis .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Endocarditis .................................................................................................................................. 34
Myocarditis .................................................................................................................................... 36
Pericarditis .................................................................................................................................... 36
Congenital heart disease .................................................................................................................... 37
Gastroenterology- H. van Malenstein ................................................................................................ 38
Esophagus.......................................................................................................................................... 38
Reflux disease ................................................................................................................................ 39
Barrett esophagus .......................................................................................................................... 40
Extra’s ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Stomach ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Gastritis ......................................................................................................................................... 42
Peptic ulcer disease ....................................................................................................................... 43
Extra’s ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Small bowel ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Celiac disease ................................................................................................................................ 45
Appendicitis ................................................................................................................................... 46
Colon ................................................................................................................................................. 46
Constipation .................................................................................................................................. 46
Polyps ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Diverticular disease ...................................................................................................................... 48
Clinical syndromes ............................................................................................................................ 48
Acute abdomen .............................................................................................................................. 48
Diarrhea ........................................................................................................................................ 50
GI bleeding .................................................................................................................................... 51
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ................................................................................................ 52
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) ..................................................................................................... 53
Biliary disease ............................................................................................................................... 54
Hepatology- H. van Malenstein .......................................................................................................... 56
Liver anatomy and function .............................................................................................................. 56
Assessment of the liver...................................................................................................................... 56
Hepatitis ............................................................................................................................................ 57
Alcohol........................................................................................................................................... 57
Fatty liver ...................................................................................................................................... 58
2
, Viral hepatitis ................................................................................................................................ 58
Other.............................................................................................................................................. 60
Acute liver failure.............................................................................................................................. 60
Cirrhosis ............................................................................................................................................ 61
Portal hypertension ....................................................................................................................... 61
Other complications ...................................................................................................................... 62
Transplantation ............................................................................................................................. 63
Oncology- H. van Malenstein ............................................................................................................ 64
Pathophysiology ................................................................................................................................ 64
Clinical oncology .............................................................................................................................. 66
Cancer types ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Breast cancer ................................................................................................................................. 68
Prostate cancer .............................................................................................................................. 70
Lung cancer ................................................................................................................................... 71
Colorectal cancer .......................................................................................................................... 72
Pancreatic cancer .......................................................................................................................... 73
Nephrology- K. Claes .......................................................................................................................... 74
Kidney basics .................................................................................................................................... 74
Renal syndromes ............................................................................................................................... 76
Nephrotic syndrome ....................................................................................................................... 76
Acute kidney injury ........................................................................................................................ 77
Chronic kidney disease and complications.................................................................................... 78
Glomerular disease ............................................................................................................................ 81
Membranous nephropathy ............................................................................................................. 81
Hereditary renal disease .................................................................................................................... 82
ADPKD.......................................................................................................................................... 82
Alport disease ................................................................................................................................ 83
Drugs and the kidney......................................................................................................................... 84
Tubular toxicity.............................................................................................................................. 84
Acute interstitial nephritis (also non-drugs) ................................................................................. 85
Hemodynamically mediated nephrotoxic acute renal failure ........................................................ 86
Onconephrology (all of the above) ................................................................................................ 87
Nephrolithiasis- K. Claes .................................................................................................................... 87
Endocrinology- K. Claes ..................................................................................................................... 88
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 88
Thyroid disorders .............................................................................................................................. 89
Normal function and anatomy ....................................................................................................... 89
3
, Hypothyroidism ............................................................................................................................. 89
Hyperthyroidism ............................................................................................................................ 91
Nonthyroidal illness....................................................................................................................... 93
Thyroid nodules/ goiter/ thyroid cancer ........................................................................................ 93
Diabetes ............................................................................................................................................. 94
Obesity .............................................................................................................................................. 96
Hypertension- K. Claes ....................................................................................................................... 97
Secondary hypertension .................................................................................................................... 98
Rheumatoid arthritis- K. de Vlam ..................................................................................................... 99
Introduction: joint anatomy and biology ........................................................................................... 99
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ............................................................................................................... 100
Spondylarthritis- K. de Vlam ........................................................................................................... 103
Axial SpA- AS ................................................................................................................................. 104
Pathology and causes of SpA .......................................................................................................... 105
Diagnosis and treatment of SpA ...................................................................................................... 105
Osteoporosis- K. de Vlam ................................................................................................................. 106
Osteoarthritis- K. de Vlam ............................................................................................................... 109
Skin diseases- K. de Vlam .................................................................................................................. 111
Psoriasis ............................................................................................................................................ 111
Other skin diseases ...........................................................................................................................113
Neurological diseases- K. de Vlam ....................................................................................................114
Parkinson’s disease ...........................................................................................................................114
Multiple sclerosis .............................................................................................................................116
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ...........................................................................................................118
4
The emphasis will be on the clinical practice of diagnosis and therapy, rather than on the scientific
basis to understand disease processes
Inhoudsopgave
Lung disease- C. Dubois........................................................................................................................ 5
Lung diseases affecting the airways .................................................................................................... 6
Asthma ............................................................................................................................................. 6
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) ............................................................................ 7
Emphysema...................................................................................................................................... 7
Acute and Chronic bronchitis .......................................................................................................... 7
Cystic fibrosis .................................................................................................................................. 8
Lung disease affecting the alveoli ....................................................................................................... 8
Pneumonia ....................................................................................................................................... 8
Tuberculosis ................................................................................................................................... 10
Emphysema: resulting from damage to fragile connections between alveoli ................................ 12
Pulmonary oedema ........................................................................................................................ 12
Lung cancer ................................................................................................................................... 13
Pneumoconiosis ............................................................................................................................. 14
Lung diseases affecting the interstitium ............................................................................................ 14
Sarcoidosis .................................................................................................................................... 15
Other lung diseases ............................................................................................................................ 16
Vascular diseases- C. Dubois .............................................................................................................. 17
Arteriosclerosis.................................................................................................................................. 17
Atherosclerosis .............................................................................................................................. 17
Aneurysms ......................................................................................................................................... 20
Dissection .......................................................................................................................................... 22
Aortitis/vasculitis............................................................................................................................... 22
Venous disorders................................................................................................................................ 22
Deep vein thrombosis .................................................................................................................... 22
Pulmonary embolism ..................................................................................................................... 23
Chronic venous insufficiency and post-phlebitic syndrome........................................................... 24
Superficial venous thrombosis: Phlebitis ...................................................................................... 24
Varicose veins ................................................................................................................................ 24
Coronary artery disease, ECG basics and arrhythmias- C. Dubois ............................................... 25
Coronary artery disease ..................................................................................................................... 25
ECG basics ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Heart Failure and Valve Diseases- C. Dubois.................................................................................... 28
1
, Heart failure....................................................................................................................................... 28
Valve Disease .................................................................................................................................... 33
Carditis and Congenital heart disease- C. Dubois ............................................................................ 34
Carditis .............................................................................................................................................. 34
Endocarditis .................................................................................................................................. 34
Myocarditis .................................................................................................................................... 36
Pericarditis .................................................................................................................................... 36
Congenital heart disease .................................................................................................................... 37
Gastroenterology- H. van Malenstein ................................................................................................ 38
Esophagus.......................................................................................................................................... 38
Reflux disease ................................................................................................................................ 39
Barrett esophagus .......................................................................................................................... 40
Extra’s ............................................................................................................................................ 41
Stomach ............................................................................................................................................. 41
Gastritis ......................................................................................................................................... 42
Peptic ulcer disease ....................................................................................................................... 43
Extra’s ............................................................................................................................................ 43
Small bowel ....................................................................................................................................... 44
Celiac disease ................................................................................................................................ 45
Appendicitis ................................................................................................................................... 46
Colon ................................................................................................................................................. 46
Constipation .................................................................................................................................. 46
Polyps ............................................................................................................................................ 47
Diverticular disease ...................................................................................................................... 48
Clinical syndromes ............................................................................................................................ 48
Acute abdomen .............................................................................................................................. 48
Diarrhea ........................................................................................................................................ 50
GI bleeding .................................................................................................................................... 51
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) ................................................................................................ 52
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) ..................................................................................................... 53
Biliary disease ............................................................................................................................... 54
Hepatology- H. van Malenstein .......................................................................................................... 56
Liver anatomy and function .............................................................................................................. 56
Assessment of the liver...................................................................................................................... 56
Hepatitis ............................................................................................................................................ 57
Alcohol........................................................................................................................................... 57
Fatty liver ...................................................................................................................................... 58
2
, Viral hepatitis ................................................................................................................................ 58
Other.............................................................................................................................................. 60
Acute liver failure.............................................................................................................................. 60
Cirrhosis ............................................................................................................................................ 61
Portal hypertension ....................................................................................................................... 61
Other complications ...................................................................................................................... 62
Transplantation ............................................................................................................................. 63
Oncology- H. van Malenstein ............................................................................................................ 64
Pathophysiology ................................................................................................................................ 64
Clinical oncology .............................................................................................................................. 66
Cancer types ...................................................................................................................................... 68
Breast cancer ................................................................................................................................. 68
Prostate cancer .............................................................................................................................. 70
Lung cancer ................................................................................................................................... 71
Colorectal cancer .......................................................................................................................... 72
Pancreatic cancer .......................................................................................................................... 73
Nephrology- K. Claes .......................................................................................................................... 74
Kidney basics .................................................................................................................................... 74
Renal syndromes ............................................................................................................................... 76
Nephrotic syndrome ....................................................................................................................... 76
Acute kidney injury ........................................................................................................................ 77
Chronic kidney disease and complications.................................................................................... 78
Glomerular disease ............................................................................................................................ 81
Membranous nephropathy ............................................................................................................. 81
Hereditary renal disease .................................................................................................................... 82
ADPKD.......................................................................................................................................... 82
Alport disease ................................................................................................................................ 83
Drugs and the kidney......................................................................................................................... 84
Tubular toxicity.............................................................................................................................. 84
Acute interstitial nephritis (also non-drugs) ................................................................................. 85
Hemodynamically mediated nephrotoxic acute renal failure ........................................................ 86
Onconephrology (all of the above) ................................................................................................ 87
Nephrolithiasis- K. Claes .................................................................................................................... 87
Endocrinology- K. Claes ..................................................................................................................... 88
Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 88
Thyroid disorders .............................................................................................................................. 89
Normal function and anatomy ....................................................................................................... 89
3
, Hypothyroidism ............................................................................................................................. 89
Hyperthyroidism ............................................................................................................................ 91
Nonthyroidal illness....................................................................................................................... 93
Thyroid nodules/ goiter/ thyroid cancer ........................................................................................ 93
Diabetes ............................................................................................................................................. 94
Obesity .............................................................................................................................................. 96
Hypertension- K. Claes ....................................................................................................................... 97
Secondary hypertension .................................................................................................................... 98
Rheumatoid arthritis- K. de Vlam ..................................................................................................... 99
Introduction: joint anatomy and biology ........................................................................................... 99
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) ............................................................................................................... 100
Spondylarthritis- K. de Vlam ........................................................................................................... 103
Axial SpA- AS ................................................................................................................................. 104
Pathology and causes of SpA .......................................................................................................... 105
Diagnosis and treatment of SpA ...................................................................................................... 105
Osteoporosis- K. de Vlam ................................................................................................................. 106
Osteoarthritis- K. de Vlam ............................................................................................................... 109
Skin diseases- K. de Vlam .................................................................................................................. 111
Psoriasis ............................................................................................................................................ 111
Other skin diseases ...........................................................................................................................113
Neurological diseases- K. de Vlam ....................................................................................................114
Parkinson’s disease ...........................................................................................................................114
Multiple sclerosis .............................................................................................................................116
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ...........................................................................................................118
4
