Pathophysiology
dura mater - ANSWERS-Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double layered.
dural sinuses - ANSWERS-Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous blood and
CSF for return to general circulation.
mediastinum (what is it) - ANSWERS-Area of thoracic cavity between lungs. Location of
trachea, esophagus, heart & large vessels
pericardial sac - ANSWERS-Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled, anchors heart to
diaphragm.
endocardium - ANSWERS-inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves
septum in heart - ANSWERS-separtes L & R sides of heart
SA node - other name - ANSWERS-pacemaker
sinus rhythm - ANSWERS-basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70 beats per
minute)
location of sinoatrial node - ANSWERS-right atrium
Where does impulse go to after SA node - ANSWERS-Spreads through atrial
conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both atria
AV node - what is it - ANSWERS-Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here after SA
node sent it through atria
AV node - where is it - ANSWERS-Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only
anatomical connection between atrial and ventricular portions of conduction system.
AV bundle - other name - ANSWERS-Bundle of His - other name
ECG - what does it do - ANSWERS-Records electrical changes sent by conduction
impulses as picked up by electrodes
apoptosis - ANSWERS-normal programmed cell death in tissues
endogenous - ANSWERS-originating from within the body
exogenous - ANSWERS-originating from outside the body
gangrene - ANSWERS-necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
hypoxia - ANSWERS-decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues
iatrogenic - ANSWERS-caused by a treatment, procedure or error
idiopathic - ANSWERS-no known cause
ischemia - ANSWERS-decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
lysis - ANSWERS-destruction of a cell
lysosomal enzymes - ANSWERS-released into tissues undergoing lysis; cause
inflammation and damage to nearby cells and reduced function
morphologic - ANSWERS-structural
pathogenesis - ANSWERS-development of the disease or sequence of events involved
in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process
insidious - ANSWERS-Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only vague or mild
signs, but with harmful effects. Ex: "the xx effects of stress"; hepatitis
, subclinical - ANSWERS-pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations
exhibited, perhaps because of great reserve capacity of some organs. Ex: kidney
damage may progress to an advanced stage of renal failure before symptoms are
manifested.
latent - ANSWERS-silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called incubation
period in some infectious diseases. May be communicable during this period.
prodromal - ANSWERS-time in early development of disease; pt know of change in
body, but signs are nonspecific; a stage in infections. Labs tests are negative, difficult to
confirm diagnosis.
manifestations - ANSWERS-clinical evidence or effects, signs and symptoms, local or
systemic
lesion - ANSWERS-specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic
syndrome - ANSWERS-collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one
organ. Usually occur together in response to a certain condition.
remission - ANSWERS-manifestations of the disease subside
exacerbation - ANSWERS-manifestations of the disease increase
precipitating factor - ANSWERS-condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex - shoveling
snow on a cold day may trigger an MI
complications - ANSWERS-new secondary or additional problems. Ex - following an MI,
pt may develop congestive heart failure, which is a(n) xx.
sequelae - ANSWERS-potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition. Ex -
paralysis following recovery from a stroke
convalescence - ANSWERS-aka rehabilitation - period of recovery and return to normal
health state. May last for several days or months.
prognosis - ANSWERS-probability or likelihood for recovery based on average
outcomes
morbidity - ANSWERS-disease rates within a group; term sometimes used to indicate
the functional impairment that certain conditions (ex stroke) cause within a population
mortality - ANSWERS-relative number of deaths from a certain disease
epidemiology - ANSWERS-science of tracking pattern or occurrence of disease
epidemics - ANSWERS-Occurrences of diseases in which many people in the same
place at the same time are affected
pandemic - ANSWERS-An epidemic that is geographically widespread and affects a
large proportion of the population
occurrence - ANSWERS-tracked by recording incidence and prevalence
incidence - ANSWERS-number of new cases in a specific population within a certain
time period
prevalence - ANSWERS-number of new and old/existing cases in a specific population
within a certain time period
atrophy - ANSWERS-decrease in cell size, resulting in reduced tissue mass. Causes
incl: reduced use of tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormonal
stimulation, aging
hyperplasia - ANSWERS-increase in number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue
mass. May be compensatory - to meet increased demands; or pathologic - when there
is a hormonal imbalance. May increase risk of cancer.
dura mater - ANSWERS-Outer layer of meninges, tough, fibrous, double layered.
dural sinuses - ANSWERS-Formed by spits in dura mater. Collect venous blood and
CSF for return to general circulation.
mediastinum (what is it) - ANSWERS-Area of thoracic cavity between lungs. Location of
trachea, esophagus, heart & large vessels
pericardial sac - ANSWERS-Fibrous sac, holds heart, double-walled, anchors heart to
diaphragm.
endocardium - ANSWERS-inner layer of heart, forms 4 heart valves
septum in heart - ANSWERS-separtes L & R sides of heart
SA node - other name - ANSWERS-pacemaker
sinus rhythm - ANSWERS-basic rate of impulses generated by SA node (70 beats per
minute)
location of sinoatrial node - ANSWERS-right atrium
Where does impulse go to after SA node - ANSWERS-Spreads through atrial
conduction pathways, resulting in contraction of both atria
AV node - what is it - ANSWERS-Atrioventricular node. Impulse arrives here after SA
node sent it through atria
AV node - where is it - ANSWERS-Floor of R atrium near septum. Is the only
anatomical connection between atrial and ventricular portions of conduction system.
AV bundle - other name - ANSWERS-Bundle of His - other name
ECG - what does it do - ANSWERS-Records electrical changes sent by conduction
impulses as picked up by electrodes
apoptosis - ANSWERS-normal programmed cell death in tissues
endogenous - ANSWERS-originating from within the body
exogenous - ANSWERS-originating from outside the body
gangrene - ANSWERS-necrotic tissue infected by bacteria
hypoxia - ANSWERS-decreased or insufficient level of oxygen in the tissues
iatrogenic - ANSWERS-caused by a treatment, procedure or error
idiopathic - ANSWERS-no known cause
ischemia - ANSWERS-decreased blood supply to an organ or tissue
lysis - ANSWERS-destruction of a cell
lysosomal enzymes - ANSWERS-released into tissues undergoing lysis; cause
inflammation and damage to nearby cells and reduced function
morphologic - ANSWERS-structural
pathogenesis - ANSWERS-development of the disease or sequence of events involved
in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process
insidious - ANSWERS-Proceeding in a gradual, subtle way, with only vague or mild
signs, but with harmful effects. Ex: "the xx effects of stress"; hepatitis
, subclinical - ANSWERS-pathologic changes occur but no obvious manifestations
exhibited, perhaps because of great reserve capacity of some organs. Ex: kidney
damage may progress to an advanced stage of renal failure before symptoms are
manifested.
latent - ANSWERS-silent stage, no clinical signs evident. May be called incubation
period in some infectious diseases. May be communicable during this period.
prodromal - ANSWERS-time in early development of disease; pt know of change in
body, but signs are nonspecific; a stage in infections. Labs tests are negative, difficult to
confirm diagnosis.
manifestations - ANSWERS-clinical evidence or effects, signs and symptoms, local or
systemic
lesion - ANSWERS-specific local change in tissue, may be microscopic
syndrome - ANSWERS-collection of signs and symptoms, often affecting more than one
organ. Usually occur together in response to a certain condition.
remission - ANSWERS-manifestations of the disease subside
exacerbation - ANSWERS-manifestations of the disease increase
precipitating factor - ANSWERS-condition that triggers an acute episode. Ex - shoveling
snow on a cold day may trigger an MI
complications - ANSWERS-new secondary or additional problems. Ex - following an MI,
pt may develop congestive heart failure, which is a(n) xx.
sequelae - ANSWERS-potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition. Ex -
paralysis following recovery from a stroke
convalescence - ANSWERS-aka rehabilitation - period of recovery and return to normal
health state. May last for several days or months.
prognosis - ANSWERS-probability or likelihood for recovery based on average
outcomes
morbidity - ANSWERS-disease rates within a group; term sometimes used to indicate
the functional impairment that certain conditions (ex stroke) cause within a population
mortality - ANSWERS-relative number of deaths from a certain disease
epidemiology - ANSWERS-science of tracking pattern or occurrence of disease
epidemics - ANSWERS-Occurrences of diseases in which many people in the same
place at the same time are affected
pandemic - ANSWERS-An epidemic that is geographically widespread and affects a
large proportion of the population
occurrence - ANSWERS-tracked by recording incidence and prevalence
incidence - ANSWERS-number of new cases in a specific population within a certain
time period
prevalence - ANSWERS-number of new and old/existing cases in a specific population
within a certain time period
atrophy - ANSWERS-decrease in cell size, resulting in reduced tissue mass. Causes
incl: reduced use of tissue, insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic or hormonal
stimulation, aging
hyperplasia - ANSWERS-increase in number of cells resulting in an enlarged tissue
mass. May be compensatory - to meet increased demands; or pathologic - when there
is a hormonal imbalance. May increase risk of cancer.
