Very extensive summary of the lectures

Lecture 1: The Adolescent Brain



 Video about what adolescents think about how the brain
works.

-> they're very visual, but they don't seem to have thought many
things through. They don't really think about the perspectives of
others well


 Bring adolescent development into a neuroscientific
perspective, bridging neural and social emotional and
cognitive development.
 Use neuroscientific theories to explain adolescent
development.

QUIZ
Q1. The following methods were the first that studied the brain,
and were established in the 19th century. Which methods yielded
valuable knowledge about the brain that is still valid/being used?

1. Post-mortem studies
2. Phrenology
3. Lesion studies


Why not phrenology? It's a localization theory that is inaccurate,
developed by poor mr. Gall. It's important to realise that he did
bring about the idea of localized function theory.
Post-mortem studies: This is how Broca and Wernicke found their
areas.
Lesion studies: Think of Phineas Gage. Medial prefrontal cortex
and orbitofrontal cortex damage leads to a total personality
gage.
How do we study the brain


Q2. The brain consists of several anatomically distinguishable
lobes. In the picture we can see the:

, 1. Frontal Lobe
2. Occipital Lobe
3. Temporal Lobe
4. Parietal lobe
5. Medial Lobe
6. Cerebellum


Q3. The brain consists of gyri and sulci to increase the surface of
the cortex. Which is which in this picture?




1. 1= gyrus, 2= sulcus
2. 1= sulcus 2= gyrus


Q4. For each of the following statements, indicate whether it
applies to white matter (WM) or gray matter (GM) in the brain

 Connections between brain areas
 Consists of neuronal cell bodies
 Surface of cerebral cortex & cerebellum
 Is myelinated
 In subcortical structures

, 1. WM = 1+2+4; GM = 3+5
2. WM = 1+4 ; GM = 2+3+5
3. WM = 2+3+5 ; GM = 1+4
4. WM = 1+4+5; GM = 2+3


Q5. Which part of the neuron enables enhanced/optimal
neurotransmission?


1. Axon
2. Synpase
3. Glia
4. Myoline
5. Neutrostransmitter
6. Myelin
7. Dendrite
8. Synapse
9. Soma


Q6. Which part of a neuron conducts electrical impulses?

1. Axon
2. Synpase
3. Glia
4. Myoline
5. Neutrostransmitter
6. Myelin
7. Dendrite
8. Synapse
9. Soma


Q7. With age, there are changes in brain function, but no changes
in brain structure

1. Yes
2. No


Q8. Who has more brain cells?

, 1. An 11 year old
2. An 80 year old


Q9. What happens with grey matter during adolescence?

1. It increases
2. It decreases


By the age of 8, the brain size is about 80% of the adult size. One
of the biggest changes that happen in the brain of growing
children are the increasing amount of connections between brain
cells, and there is an increase in myelination of the cortex.
Therefor, white matter increases. Gray matter decreases though.
First it increases, then it decreases. Why is this decrease not
linear? Well there is synaptogenesis, an increase in synapses. But
there's also pruning, where excess synapses are eliminated.

Q10. What is the pattern of structural change in the brain

1. From back to front
2. From front to back
3. Currently unknown


The amount of gray matter decreases in the more back areas (so
occipital lobe ->parietal lobe -> frontal lobe) first, and only then
starts to decrease in the more frontal areas.

Q11. FMRI technique on which of the following signals?


1. EEG (Electroencephalography)
2. REM (Rapid eye Movement)
3. BOLD( Blood-Oxygen Level dependent)
4. MEG ( Magnetoencephalography )


MRI - Magnetic resonance imaging makes images of the brain
structure
FMRI - functional, shows activity.
Indirect measure of brain activity. As soon as you use an area, it
will require blood, usually oxygenated. There will be changing