Samenvatting SL jaar 3
Week 1
Causes of malnutrition
Food security > poverty and limited access
Malabsorption > regardless of the nutrient intake: age, medical conditions
Poor dietary practices > imbalances in macro and micronutrients in diet
Lack of (access to) health care > prevention & management
Cycle of malnutrition
Undernutrition > immunty > risk of disease > infectious disease > increased energy needs
Week 2
Global food inequality
There are issues of:
Affordability
Availability
Quality and Safety
Sustainability and adaption
Relates to more systemic problems:
Poverty > job instability
Food shortages and waste > unstable markets, havest fluctuations
and spoilage, food waste
Access to (high quality) food > infrastructuur, hidden hunger
Discrimination > gender inqeualities
War and conflict
,In the Netherlands there are more obese people, but global we focus more on
under nutrition
Forms of malnutrition:
1. Undernutrition: protein-energy deficiency and micronutrient deficiency
2. Overnutrition: overweight, obesity, and resulting diet-related
noncommunicable diseases.
3. Co-existence of under and overnutrition: “double burden of malnutrition”
Stunted > low height for age (chronic mal nutrition)
Wasted > low weight for height (acute mal nutrition)
Underweight > Low weight for age
Severe malnutrition
Less protein in the blood. Lots of air in the belly
Marasmus
This is also a less of energy and protein
• Visible wasting of fat and muscle
• Prominent skeleton.
• Head appears large for the body
• Face may appear old
• Dry, brittle hair or hair loss
• Lethargy, apathy and weakness
• Vital organs: heart, brain developmen
,Causes & consequences of undernutrition at individual
level
Vicious lifecycle of undernutrition
Time between being born and the first years are importnant by the grow
, Hidden hunger
Micronutrient deficiencies
• Hidden hunger is a form of undernutrition that occurs when intake and absorption
of vitamins and minerals (mainly zinc, iodine, iron, vitamin A and folic acid) are too
low to sustain good health and development.
• Factors that contribute to micronutrient deficiencies include poor diet, increased
micronutrient needs during certain life stages, such as pregnancy and lactation,
and health problems such as diseases, infections, or parasites.
• Individuals in this group can have a healthy BMI or even be overweight or obese
but are still malnourished (double burden).
• 2 billion people suffer from vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
• Household income is directly proportional with the nutritional quality of food
The 5th one is foliumzuur (folic acid)
Overnutrition
Obesity is preventable
Unexpected side of malnutrition
Refers to individuals with a healthy BMI and large amount of visceral fat around organs
which increases the risk of disease such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and other
heart diseases.
They are metabolically obese. Some studies suggests that TOFIs are
at a higher risk of immature death than obese people. This is because visceral fat,
which is stored in abdominal cavity, is more crucial to general health than subcutaneous
fat which obese people.
Week 1
Causes of malnutrition
Food security > poverty and limited access
Malabsorption > regardless of the nutrient intake: age, medical conditions
Poor dietary practices > imbalances in macro and micronutrients in diet
Lack of (access to) health care > prevention & management
Cycle of malnutrition
Undernutrition > immunty > risk of disease > infectious disease > increased energy needs
Week 2
Global food inequality
There are issues of:
Affordability
Availability
Quality and Safety
Sustainability and adaption
Relates to more systemic problems:
Poverty > job instability
Food shortages and waste > unstable markets, havest fluctuations
and spoilage, food waste
Access to (high quality) food > infrastructuur, hidden hunger
Discrimination > gender inqeualities
War and conflict
,In the Netherlands there are more obese people, but global we focus more on
under nutrition
Forms of malnutrition:
1. Undernutrition: protein-energy deficiency and micronutrient deficiency
2. Overnutrition: overweight, obesity, and resulting diet-related
noncommunicable diseases.
3. Co-existence of under and overnutrition: “double burden of malnutrition”
Stunted > low height for age (chronic mal nutrition)
Wasted > low weight for height (acute mal nutrition)
Underweight > Low weight for age
Severe malnutrition
Less protein in the blood. Lots of air in the belly
Marasmus
This is also a less of energy and protein
• Visible wasting of fat and muscle
• Prominent skeleton.
• Head appears large for the body
• Face may appear old
• Dry, brittle hair or hair loss
• Lethargy, apathy and weakness
• Vital organs: heart, brain developmen
,Causes & consequences of undernutrition at individual
level
Vicious lifecycle of undernutrition
Time between being born and the first years are importnant by the grow
, Hidden hunger
Micronutrient deficiencies
• Hidden hunger is a form of undernutrition that occurs when intake and absorption
of vitamins and minerals (mainly zinc, iodine, iron, vitamin A and folic acid) are too
low to sustain good health and development.
• Factors that contribute to micronutrient deficiencies include poor diet, increased
micronutrient needs during certain life stages, such as pregnancy and lactation,
and health problems such as diseases, infections, or parasites.
• Individuals in this group can have a healthy BMI or even be overweight or obese
but are still malnourished (double burden).
• 2 billion people suffer from vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
• Household income is directly proportional with the nutritional quality of food
The 5th one is foliumzuur (folic acid)
Overnutrition
Obesity is preventable
Unexpected side of malnutrition
Refers to individuals with a healthy BMI and large amount of visceral fat around organs
which increases the risk of disease such as Type 2 diabetes, hypertension and other
heart diseases.
They are metabolically obese. Some studies suggests that TOFIs are
at a higher risk of immature death than obese people. This is because visceral fat,
which is stored in abdominal cavity, is more crucial to general health than subcutaneous
fat which obese people.
