Pathophysiology Midterm Exam Questions with Complete Marking schemes

Complications of Chronic Renal Failure - Diminished renal reserve Renal insufficiency Renal failure End-stage Renal disease Kidneys role in blood pressure - Kidneys release renin which turns into angiotensin II which causes vasoconstriction What does BUN do - controls urea (we don't want high levels of urea) What are normal levels of BUN - 8-20 What is the relationship between GFR and Cr? - GFR needs to be high to get rid of Cr Cr levels - 0.6-1.2 GFR levels - 115-125 Pylonephritis - **bacterial infection of upper urinary system **Most common cause is outflow obstruction **E. coli is the bacteria that causes **Bacteria gains access to kidney via lower urinary tract or blood stream Uric acid kidney stones - **secondary to acidic urine (pH of 5.5) ** Highly related to gout ** Increase fluids to help pass Renal cell carcinoma manifestations - **Painless hematuria **Flank pain **Can be benign to highly malignant Patients at risk for renal cell carcinoma - **History of smoking **Silent disorder; once symptoms start showing, disease is usually advanced Nephrotic syndrome lab findings - **Protein in urine ** Low protein in blood **High cholesterol PKD manfestations - **asymptomatic **Anemia **flank pain (sometimes) **Eventually requires transplant **Genetic-dominant CKD - **Loss of nephrons resulting in permanent loss Stage 5 CKD - **GFR is 15 **Need to start renal replacement theory Pre renal failure - **Decreased blood supply **Caused by shock, dehydration, and vasoconstriction Intra renal failure - ** Kidney tubule function is decreased **Most common kind is acute tubular necrosis Post renal failure - **Urine flow is blocked **Caused by kidney stones, tumors, enlarged prostate Stress incontancence - **Weak muscles **Sneeze, cough, laugh Why would you test for post-void residual? - To check for flaccid bladder (flaccid bladder is when the detrusor muscle isn't working) Bronchial circulation - carries oxygenated blood from