Kennisclip I. Introduction to International and European Union Law – Introduction & History
Foundation & structure of International law
What is international law?
A. Traditionally it’s a system of regulation of the relationship between sovereign states.
Now days ,this are duties and rights throughout international law for these States
& international organizations or individuals
Ø UN
B. Substance wise => international law oversees a bigger array
Ø From regulation of trade to intellectual property
1. Wider legal system & totally different from national legal
system;
b. NO centralized legislative
c. NO centralized mandatory dispute settlement procedure
d. NO centralized law maker
2. Enforcement and creation of international law relies on States and
sometimes international orginisation
3. A web of relationship between laws and States
History
I. Roman Empire – Ius gentium: set of rules from nature law. Assumptions that
man & society has universal values based on their nature.
II. Middle Ages – networks (not yet States) would interact with each other & had
overlapping layers with the Holy Roman Empire and Catholic church -> emerges
between Lex Mercatoria: commercial law & Lex maritime: General maritime law
III. Emergence of colonialism – ius nature: natural law, was used to justify the
colonization of the uncivilized Indian population
IV. 17th/18th century – The first step towards modern international law – 168 Peace
of Westphalia = the end of the (80) 30 year war, between Spain, Germany & The
Netherlands -> creation of nation State
- From chaos & war towards an orderly legal system-based om sovereign
States
a. Every State is equal.
b. States decide what rules imply to themselves & their interaction with
other States.
c. The states consent to the rules.
th
V. 19 century – States consent to be bound by a set of international obligation
rules, that they create
1. < 19th century – 17th century ius genium & ius natural -> positive law
1
, 2. Colorism still ravaging especially in Africa -> Belin conference: EU powers decide on
the division of Africa
3. After WWI – 1919 creation of the League of Nations: to maintain world peace &
peaceful dispute settlement
• Create the Permanent Court of International Justice (PC IJA)
• Grandmother of International Court of Justice
4. After WWII L of N lead to the creation of the UN
• UN = new values of international law
4. UN charter ->
I. Outright ban on use of force (minimize)
II. Principles of self-determation of people
• The legal right of people to decide their destiny in international order
III. Equality of states
IV. Collective effort maintaining peace & security via UN Security Council
5. UN General Assembly: decolonization process of all states
6. Emergence of multiple regional organization
Ø The European Union
1951 – E Union: maintaining peace in de EU, especially between France & Germany
Originally international law was mainly about the horizontal relationship of states =
coexisting -> increasing vertical and transnational issues are taking center stage =
cooperation
• Human right = vertical working
II. International law Actors
1. States
2. Individuals
3. International Organizations
4. Nation of jurisdiction
Subject of international law = a entity capable of holding international right & duties
5. Protect rights by international claims
• International legal personality = relative concept
• Have different rights & duties
6. Different abilities for claims
7. DOES NOT remove their intern legal personality
States were first the only subject of international law
• Coexistend
• Sovereign
• Equal
Ø More development, and leads to more subjects who apply to international law;
2
, I. Entities who can become states
• Facto regimes
II. International governmental organizations
Ø UN
III. Individuals & NGO’s
a. Have rights throughout international human law
b. Have duties trough international criminal law
Kennisclip II. Introduction to International and European Union Law - States
What is a state? Under international law
1. Permanent population
2. Defined territory = not strict on certainty
3. Government: has authority over whole his territory and population = internal
dimension of sovereignty (effective)
• Doesn’t matter what kind of government rules (dictator/demarcation enc.)
4. Capacity to enter into relations without other states
• independence & non-interference = legal independence
• External dimension of sovereign (effective)
Possible to interact with other states without being constrain from other states
Statehood
1. Does recognition play any role?
Constitutive view -> a State is such recognized by other states of international community
VS.
Declaratory view -> A State is such as it fulfils the criteria’s, as set out above, recognition only has
practical consequences = leading view
What about illegally created entities?
Ex injuria jus non oritur : no legal rights can arise from wrongful conduct
Ø If an entity was 2 become a State, and violets the norm of international law -> preventing
from becoming a state
VS.
Ex injuria jus non oritur: not always applied constistently in practice
Ø Bangladesh was freed from the Pakistani gouverment because of the oppression of their
people. By becoming a state they were liberated from the oppression
3
, Relationship between self-determination & statehood
Self-determination: the right of peoples to freely determine their political status & economic, social
& cultural developments (art.1 UN Charter)
A. Internal self-determination: people exercise autonomy within the framework of a mother
State
Ø Provinces, have also a part of autonomy to “rule” their atounomy and citizen choose their
“leader” + NL promise them that those people are also represented in general politics.
B. External self-determination: statehood
Ø Claim to become separate from mother state & want a “higher goal”
• Principle self-determination -> question “Can all become an independent State?”
I. Colonial rule & alien subjugation: whenever a state is under the power of amn other
state, it is, valid claim to become self-determined/indeepented state
II. Remedial secession: if the head of a State is in extreme denial that for other “groups” it
is extremely meaningfull to exercise internal self-deterination. = somewhat admitted
Ø South-Africa => apartheid (oppression)
è Difficult balance between; right of people to have their own state VS international peace
& stability.
• territorial integrity
ICJ Kosovo Advisory Opinion
International law does not preclude declarations of idependence, butr the court made no
determinations as to the right to secede
• level oppression of subjection -> Remedial secession
Statehood + new territory by;
è cession: purchase/swap of territory
Ø Boinare
è Accretion: created by nature
• Not artificial
è Occupation: terra nullius: effective control over ‘no-mans land’ was
going to the first occupier
• NOT possible anymore
è Res nullius: common areas where no states have a valid claim of sovereignty
Ø Antarctica
è Prescription: getting territory with the consent of the sovereign
state, for effective control
è Forceful territorial -> NO title to territory = ex injuria non oritur
Ø Palastine is occupied, does not give IS territorial rights even though they have ‘effective
control’
What happens when a State is replaces with others?
è Brand new entity
è Not bound by the treaties made by the previous state
Ø Sovjet-Union
4
Foundation & structure of International law
What is international law?
A. Traditionally it’s a system of regulation of the relationship between sovereign states.
Now days ,this are duties and rights throughout international law for these States
& international organizations or individuals
Ø UN
B. Substance wise => international law oversees a bigger array
Ø From regulation of trade to intellectual property
1. Wider legal system & totally different from national legal
system;
b. NO centralized legislative
c. NO centralized mandatory dispute settlement procedure
d. NO centralized law maker
2. Enforcement and creation of international law relies on States and
sometimes international orginisation
3. A web of relationship between laws and States
History
I. Roman Empire – Ius gentium: set of rules from nature law. Assumptions that
man & society has universal values based on their nature.
II. Middle Ages – networks (not yet States) would interact with each other & had
overlapping layers with the Holy Roman Empire and Catholic church -> emerges
between Lex Mercatoria: commercial law & Lex maritime: General maritime law
III. Emergence of colonialism – ius nature: natural law, was used to justify the
colonization of the uncivilized Indian population
IV. 17th/18th century – The first step towards modern international law – 168 Peace
of Westphalia = the end of the (80) 30 year war, between Spain, Germany & The
Netherlands -> creation of nation State
- From chaos & war towards an orderly legal system-based om sovereign
States
a. Every State is equal.
b. States decide what rules imply to themselves & their interaction with
other States.
c. The states consent to the rules.
th
V. 19 century – States consent to be bound by a set of international obligation
rules, that they create
1. < 19th century – 17th century ius genium & ius natural -> positive law
1
, 2. Colorism still ravaging especially in Africa -> Belin conference: EU powers decide on
the division of Africa
3. After WWI – 1919 creation of the League of Nations: to maintain world peace &
peaceful dispute settlement
• Create the Permanent Court of International Justice (PC IJA)
• Grandmother of International Court of Justice
4. After WWII L of N lead to the creation of the UN
• UN = new values of international law
4. UN charter ->
I. Outright ban on use of force (minimize)
II. Principles of self-determation of people
• The legal right of people to decide their destiny in international order
III. Equality of states
IV. Collective effort maintaining peace & security via UN Security Council
5. UN General Assembly: decolonization process of all states
6. Emergence of multiple regional organization
Ø The European Union
1951 – E Union: maintaining peace in de EU, especially between France & Germany
Originally international law was mainly about the horizontal relationship of states =
coexisting -> increasing vertical and transnational issues are taking center stage =
cooperation
• Human right = vertical working
II. International law Actors
1. States
2. Individuals
3. International Organizations
4. Nation of jurisdiction
Subject of international law = a entity capable of holding international right & duties
5. Protect rights by international claims
• International legal personality = relative concept
• Have different rights & duties
6. Different abilities for claims
7. DOES NOT remove their intern legal personality
States were first the only subject of international law
• Coexistend
• Sovereign
• Equal
Ø More development, and leads to more subjects who apply to international law;
2
, I. Entities who can become states
• Facto regimes
II. International governmental organizations
Ø UN
III. Individuals & NGO’s
a. Have rights throughout international human law
b. Have duties trough international criminal law
Kennisclip II. Introduction to International and European Union Law - States
What is a state? Under international law
1. Permanent population
2. Defined territory = not strict on certainty
3. Government: has authority over whole his territory and population = internal
dimension of sovereignty (effective)
• Doesn’t matter what kind of government rules (dictator/demarcation enc.)
4. Capacity to enter into relations without other states
• independence & non-interference = legal independence
• External dimension of sovereign (effective)
Possible to interact with other states without being constrain from other states
Statehood
1. Does recognition play any role?
Constitutive view -> a State is such recognized by other states of international community
VS.
Declaratory view -> A State is such as it fulfils the criteria’s, as set out above, recognition only has
practical consequences = leading view
What about illegally created entities?
Ex injuria jus non oritur : no legal rights can arise from wrongful conduct
Ø If an entity was 2 become a State, and violets the norm of international law -> preventing
from becoming a state
VS.
Ex injuria jus non oritur: not always applied constistently in practice
Ø Bangladesh was freed from the Pakistani gouverment because of the oppression of their
people. By becoming a state they were liberated from the oppression
3
, Relationship between self-determination & statehood
Self-determination: the right of peoples to freely determine their political status & economic, social
& cultural developments (art.1 UN Charter)
A. Internal self-determination: people exercise autonomy within the framework of a mother
State
Ø Provinces, have also a part of autonomy to “rule” their atounomy and citizen choose their
“leader” + NL promise them that those people are also represented in general politics.
B. External self-determination: statehood
Ø Claim to become separate from mother state & want a “higher goal”
• Principle self-determination -> question “Can all become an independent State?”
I. Colonial rule & alien subjugation: whenever a state is under the power of amn other
state, it is, valid claim to become self-determined/indeepented state
II. Remedial secession: if the head of a State is in extreme denial that for other “groups” it
is extremely meaningfull to exercise internal self-deterination. = somewhat admitted
Ø South-Africa => apartheid (oppression)
è Difficult balance between; right of people to have their own state VS international peace
& stability.
• territorial integrity
ICJ Kosovo Advisory Opinion
International law does not preclude declarations of idependence, butr the court made no
determinations as to the right to secede
• level oppression of subjection -> Remedial secession
Statehood + new territory by;
è cession: purchase/swap of territory
Ø Boinare
è Accretion: created by nature
• Not artificial
è Occupation: terra nullius: effective control over ‘no-mans land’ was
going to the first occupier
• NOT possible anymore
è Res nullius: common areas where no states have a valid claim of sovereignty
Ø Antarctica
è Prescription: getting territory with the consent of the sovereign
state, for effective control
è Forceful territorial -> NO title to territory = ex injuria non oritur
Ø Palastine is occupied, does not give IS territorial rights even though they have ‘effective
control’
What happens when a State is replaces with others?
è Brand new entity
è Not bound by the treaties made by the previous state
Ø Sovjet-Union
4
