,880+ Pathophysiology MCQs for the 7th
Edition: A Chapter-by-Chapter Test Bank
Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Alterations in Immunity NEW
9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
10. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11. Biology of Cancer
12. Cancer Epidemiology
13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
23. Alterations of Hematologic Function
24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
,26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
38. Alterations of Digestive Function
39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
44. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1. Which of the following features is unique to prokaryotic
cells?
A. Membrane-bound nucleus
B. Linear chromosomes
C. Peptidoglycan cell wall
D. Mitochondria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prokaryotes possess a rigid cell wall composed
of peptidoglycan; eukaryotes do not.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
2. A clinical microbiologist distinguishes bacteria from
human cells by the absence of which structure?
A. 70S ribosomes
B. 80S ribosomes
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Circular DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bacterial cells lack membrane-bound organelles
such as the endoplasmic reticulum found in eukaryotes.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
(Bloom’s: Comprehension/Application)
3. Which statement best explains why antibiotics targeting
peptidoglycan synthesis do not harm human cells?
, A. Human cells lack peptidoglycan
B. Human cells have a thicker peptidoglycan layer
C. Antibiotics cannot cross human cell membranes
D. Human cells have peptidoglycan but different enzymes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peptidoglycan is present only in bacterial cell
walls, so inhibitors spare human cells.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
(Bloom’s: Analysis/Evaluation)
1.2 Cellular Functions
4. Which cellular process generates ATP independently of
oxygen?
A. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Glycolysis
C. Beta-oxidation
D. Citric acid cycle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glycolysis produces ATP anaerobically in the
cytoplasm.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
5. During a period of intense exercise, which process
increases to supply rapid ATP?
A. Electron transport chain activity
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
, C. Fatty acid synthesis
D. Protein synthesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When oxygen is limited, muscle cells increase
anaerobic glycolysis to maintain ATP production.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
(Bloom’s: Comprehension/Application)
6. A toxin disrupts the sodium–potassium pump. Which
cellular function is most directly impaired?
A. DNA replication
B. Maintenance of resting membrane potential
C. Protein synthesis
D. Glycolysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase is essential for maintaining
ion gradients and resting membrane potential.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
(Bloom’s: Analysis/Evaluation)
1.3 Structure and Function of Cellular Components
1.3.1 Plasma Membrane
7. Which lipid component contributes most to membrane
fluidity?
A. Saturated fatty acids
B. Phosphatidylcholine
, C. Cholesterol at high temperatures
D. Glycolipids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cholesterol buffers membrane fluidity by
preventing excessive rigidity at high temperatures.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Plasma Membrane
(Bloom’s: Comprehension/Application)
8. Which transmembrane protein type functions as a
receptor?
A. Peripheral proteins
B. Integral glycoproteins
C. Carrier proteins
D. Channel proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glycoprotein receptors span the membrane
and bind extracellular ligands.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Plasma Membrane
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
9. Which organelle is primary site of lipid synthesis?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and steroids.
, Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
10. A defect in protein glycosylation would most likely
occur in which organelle?
A. Smooth ER
B. Rough ER
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Mitochondrion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Golgi modifies and glycosylates proteins
synthesized in the ER.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
(Bloom’s: Analysis/Evaluation)
1.3.3 Nucleus and Ribosomes
11. Which nuclear structure organizes ribosomal RNA
genes?
A. Nucleolus
B. Nuclear envelope
C. Chromatin
D. Nuclear matrix
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nucleolus is where rRNA genes are
transcribed and ribosomal subunits assembled.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Nucleus and Ribosomes
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
, 12. Inhibition of RNA polymerase II would impair
synthesis of which molecule?
A. rRNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. microRNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: RNA Pol II transcribes pre-mRNA in the nucleus.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Nucleus and Ribosomes
(Bloom’s: Comprehension/Application)
1.3.4 Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility
13. Which cytoskeletal element provides tensile
strength to resist stretching?
A. Microfilaments
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microtubules
D. Actin networks
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intermediate filaments form stable networks
that withstand tension.
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
14. Defects in dynein function impair which process?
A. Muscle contraction
B. Intracellular vesicle transport toward cell center
C. Cytokinesis
, D. Cell–cell adhesion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dynein moves cargo along microtubules toward
the minus end (cell interior).
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility
(Bloom’s: Analysis/Evaluation)
1.4 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
1.4.1 Tight Junctions and Desmosomes
15. Which adhesion structure prevents paracellular
leakage of solutes?
A. Gap junctions
B. Desmosomes
C. Tight junctions
D. Hemidesmosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tight junctions seal adjacent epithelial cells to
block solute passage.
Section Reference: 1.4.1 Tight Junctions and Desmosomes
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
16. Pemphigus vulgaris is due to autoantibodies against
desmosomal proteins, leading to…?
A. Increased paracellular permeability
B. Loss of cell–cell adhesion
C. Impaired intercellular communication
Edition: A Chapter-by-Chapter Test Bank
Contents
PART ONE: BASIC CONCEPTS OF PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
Unit 1: The Cell
1. Cellular Biology
2. Genes and Genetic Diseases
3. Epigenetics and Disease
4. Altered Cellular and Tissue Biology
5. Fluids and Electrolytes, Acids and Bases
Unit 2: Mechanisms of Self-Defense
6. Innate Immunity: Inflammation and Wound Healing
7. Adaptive Immunity
8. Alterations in Immunity NEW
9. Infection and Defects in Mechanisms of Defense
10. Stress and Disease
Unit 3: Cellular Proliferation: Cancer
11. Biology of Cancer
12. Cancer Epidemiology
13. Cancer in Children and Adolescents
PART TWO: BODY SYSTEMS AND DISEASES
Unit 4: The Neurologic System
14. Structure and Function of the Neurologic System
15. Pain, Temperature, Sleep, and Sensory Function
16. Alterations in Cognitive Systems, Cerebral Hemodynamics, and Motor Function
17. Disorders of the Central and Peripheral Nervous Systems and Neuromuscular Junction
18. Alterations of Neurologic Function in Children
Unit 5: The Endocrine System
19. Mechanisms of Hormonal Regulation
20. Alterations of Hormonal Regulation
21. Obesity and Disorders of Nutrition NEW
Unit 6: The Hematologic System
22. Structure and Function of the Hematologic System
23. Alterations of Hematologic Function
24. Alterations of Hematologic Function in Children
Unit 7: The Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
25. Structure and Function of the Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
,26. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function
27. Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
Unit 8: The Pulmonary System
28. Structure and Function of the Pulmonary System
29. Alterations of Pulmonary Function
30. Alterations of Pulmonary Function in Children
Unit 9: The Renal and Urologic Systems
31. Structure and Function of the Renal and Urologic Systems
32. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function
33. Alterations of Renal and Urinary Tract Function in Children
Unit 10: The Reproductive Systems
34. Structure and Function of the Reproductive Systems
35. Alterations of the Female Reproductive System
36. Alterations of the Male Reproductive System
Unit 11: The Digestive System
37. Structure and Function of the Digestive System
38. Alterations of Digestive Function
39. Alterations of Digestive Function in Children
Unit 12: The Musculoskeletal and Integumentary Systems
40. Structure and Function of the Musculoskeletal System
41. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function
42. Alterations of Musculoskeletal Function in Children
43. Structure, Function, and Disorders of the Integument
44. Alterations of the Integument in Children
,1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
1. Which of the following features is unique to prokaryotic
cells?
A. Membrane-bound nucleus
B. Linear chromosomes
C. Peptidoglycan cell wall
D. Mitochondria
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Prokaryotes possess a rigid cell wall composed
of peptidoglycan; eukaryotes do not.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
2. A clinical microbiologist distinguishes bacteria from
human cells by the absence of which structure?
A. 70S ribosomes
B. 80S ribosomes
C. Endoplasmic reticulum
D. Circular DNA
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Bacterial cells lack membrane-bound organelles
such as the endoplasmic reticulum found in eukaryotes.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
(Bloom’s: Comprehension/Application)
3. Which statement best explains why antibiotics targeting
peptidoglycan synthesis do not harm human cells?
, A. Human cells lack peptidoglycan
B. Human cells have a thicker peptidoglycan layer
C. Antibiotics cannot cross human cell membranes
D. Human cells have peptidoglycan but different enzymes
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: Peptidoglycan is present only in bacterial cell
walls, so inhibitors spare human cells.
Section Reference: 1.1 Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes
(Bloom’s: Analysis/Evaluation)
1.2 Cellular Functions
4. Which cellular process generates ATP independently of
oxygen?
A. Oxidative phosphorylation
B. Glycolysis
C. Beta-oxidation
D. Citric acid cycle
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glycolysis produces ATP anaerobically in the
cytoplasm.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
5. During a period of intense exercise, which process
increases to supply rapid ATP?
A. Electron transport chain activity
B. Anaerobic glycolysis
, C. Fatty acid synthesis
D. Protein synthesis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: When oxygen is limited, muscle cells increase
anaerobic glycolysis to maintain ATP production.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
(Bloom’s: Comprehension/Application)
6. A toxin disrupts the sodium–potassium pump. Which
cellular function is most directly impaired?
A. DNA replication
B. Maintenance of resting membrane potential
C. Protein synthesis
D. Glycolysis
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: The Na⁺/K⁺-ATPase is essential for maintaining
ion gradients and resting membrane potential.
Section Reference: 1.2 Cellular Functions
(Bloom’s: Analysis/Evaluation)
1.3 Structure and Function of Cellular Components
1.3.1 Plasma Membrane
7. Which lipid component contributes most to membrane
fluidity?
A. Saturated fatty acids
B. Phosphatidylcholine
, C. Cholesterol at high temperatures
D. Glycolipids
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Cholesterol buffers membrane fluidity by
preventing excessive rigidity at high temperatures.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Plasma Membrane
(Bloom’s: Comprehension/Application)
8. Which transmembrane protein type functions as a
receptor?
A. Peripheral proteins
B. Integral glycoproteins
C. Carrier proteins
D. Channel proteins
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Glycoprotein receptors span the membrane
and bind extracellular ligands.
Section Reference: 1.3.1 Plasma Membrane
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
9. Which organelle is primary site of lipid synthesis?
A. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B. Rough endoplasmic reticulum
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Lysosome
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The smooth ER synthesizes lipids and steroids.
, Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
10. A defect in protein glycosylation would most likely
occur in which organelle?
A. Smooth ER
B. Rough ER
C. Golgi apparatus
D. Mitochondrion
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: The Golgi modifies and glycosylates proteins
synthesized in the ER.
Section Reference: 1.3.2 Cytoplasmic Organelles
(Bloom’s: Analysis/Evaluation)
1.3.3 Nucleus and Ribosomes
11. Which nuclear structure organizes ribosomal RNA
genes?
A. Nucleolus
B. Nuclear envelope
C. Chromatin
D. Nuclear matrix
Correct Answer: A
Rationale: The nucleolus is where rRNA genes are
transcribed and ribosomal subunits assembled.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Nucleus and Ribosomes
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
, 12. Inhibition of RNA polymerase II would impair
synthesis of which molecule?
A. rRNA
B. mRNA
C. tRNA
D. microRNA
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: RNA Pol II transcribes pre-mRNA in the nucleus.
Section Reference: 1.3.3 Nucleus and Ribosomes
(Bloom’s: Comprehension/Application)
1.3.4 Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility
13. Which cytoskeletal element provides tensile
strength to resist stretching?
A. Microfilaments
B. Intermediate filaments
C. Microtubules
D. Actin networks
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Intermediate filaments form stable networks
that withstand tension.
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
14. Defects in dynein function impair which process?
A. Muscle contraction
B. Intracellular vesicle transport toward cell center
C. Cytokinesis
, D. Cell–cell adhesion
Correct Answer: B
Rationale: Dynein moves cargo along microtubules toward
the minus end (cell interior).
Section Reference: 1.3.4 Cytoskeleton and Cell Motility
(Bloom’s: Analysis/Evaluation)
1.4 Cell-to-Cell Adhesions
1.4.1 Tight Junctions and Desmosomes
15. Which adhesion structure prevents paracellular
leakage of solutes?
A. Gap junctions
B. Desmosomes
C. Tight junctions
D. Hemidesmosomes
Correct Answer: C
Rationale: Tight junctions seal adjacent epithelial cells to
block solute passage.
Section Reference: 1.4.1 Tight Junctions and Desmosomes
(Bloom’s: Knowledge/Recall)
16. Pemphigus vulgaris is due to autoantibodies against
desmosomal proteins, leading to…?
A. Increased paracellular permeability
B. Loss of cell–cell adhesion
C. Impaired intercellular communication
